Word Formation and Prefixes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of prefixes are 'de-', 'dis-', and 'un-' classified as?

  • Affixes for size
  • Class changing prefixes
  • Pejorative prefixes
  • Class maintaining prefixes (correct)

Which prefix indicates a reversal of action?

  • a-
  • un-
  • mis-
  • dis- (correct)

What does the prefix 'hyper-' imply?

  • Badly or improperly
  • Inferior to
  • Excessive or above normal (correct)
  • False

Which of the following is NOT a negative prefix?

<p>mis- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the prefix 'be-'?

<p>To form transitive verbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix is used to form nouns from adjectives?

<p>-ness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a valid example of a compound noun?

<p>cleaning lady (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is formed using the -ize verb-forming suffix?

<p>amplify (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option represents a valid adjective formed from a noun?

<p>active (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following suffixes is used to form adjectives from verbs?

<p>-able (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the compound verb from the following options.

<p>to globe-trot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT a verb-forming suffix?

<p>-ous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What suffix can be used to form nouns indicating a state or quality from adjectives?

<p>-ity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'ultra-' convey in words like 'ultramodern'?

<p>Excessive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix is used to denote feminine roles, as in 'actress'?

<p>-ette (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the prefix 'inter-' in terms like 'international'?

<p>Between (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a noun-forming suffix indicating action derived from a verb?

<p>-ation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'post-' indicate in words such as 'postpone'?

<p>After (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fits a locative prefix meaning 'around' or 'about'?

<p>Circum- (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix indicates a system of governance, as in 'democracy'?

<p>-cy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'mono-' imply in terms like 'monotheism'?

<p>Single (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the combination of two independent words, such as 'flurry' from 'fly' and 'hurry'?

<p>Blend (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of an acronym compared to an abbreviation?

<p>Acronyms are pronounced as single words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is an example of reduplication based on internal vowel alternation?

<p>chit-chat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is derived from a person's name?

<p>sandwich (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'FBI' and 'NATO' examples of?

<p>Alphabetisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of word formation includes terms such as 'ram' and 'rom'?

<p>Acronyms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'grumble'?

<p>A blend (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a word formed by reduplication based on rhyme?

<p>nitty-gritty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a compound verb formed by zero-derivation from a simple noun?

<p>to butter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of clipping is represented by the example 'exam' derived from 'examination'?

<p>Apocope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of blending as described in the content?

<p>Takes the first part of one word and the last part of another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes syncope in the context of clipping?

<p>Reduction of the middle part of a word (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way that nominal zero-derivation is formed?

<p>From verbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of zero-derivation listed in the content?

<p>Adverbial zero-derivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correctly derived from an adjective through zero-derivation?

<p>final - finals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a compound noun from which zero-derivation is formed?

<p>sandpaper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prefix

A word part added to the beginning of a root word, changing the word's meaning or grammatical function.

Class-changing prefixes

Prefixes that change the word's grammatical class, for example, from a noun to a verb or an adjective to an adverb.

Class-maintaining prefixes

Prefixes that maintain the same grammatical class of the word but modify its meaning.

Negative prefixes

Prefixes that indicate the opposite of the root word, creating a negative meaning.

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Reversative prefixes

Prefixes that indicate the reversal of an action or state.

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ante-

A prefix indicating 'before' or 'former', often used to denote time or position.

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ambi-

A prefix indicating 'both' or 'two'.

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cata-

A prefix indicating 'down', often used to describe something that is falling or going downward.

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circum-

A prefix indicating 'around' or 'surrounding'.

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dia-

A prefix indicating 'across', 'through', or 'between'.

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super-

A prefix indicating 'over', 'above', or 'beyond'.

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sub-

A prefix indicating 'under'.

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trans-

A prefix indicating 'across', 'through', or 'beyond'.

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Zero Derivation

A word-formation process where a word is created from an existing word without any changes to its spelling or form.

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Verbal Zero Derivation

A type of zero derivation where a noun is turned into a verb. Example: "to butter" (verb) from "butter" (noun).

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Nominal Zero Derivation

A type of zero derivation where a verb is turned into a noun. Example: "a guess" (noun) from "to guess" (verb).

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Adjectival Zero Derivation

A type of zero derivation where an adjective is turned into a noun. Example: "the finals" (noun) from "final" (adjective).

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Clipping

A word-formation process where a part of a word is removed, resulting in a shortened form of the original word. Examples: "ad" from "advertisement", "exam" from "examination".

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Aphaeresis

Word shortening that removes the beginning of a word. Examples: "phone" from "telephone", "plane" from "airplane".

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Syncope

A type of clipping where the middle part of a word is omitted. Examples: "fan" from "fantasy", "veggie" from "vegetarian".

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Blending

A word-formation process that combines parts of two or more words to create a new word. Examples: "smog" (smoke + fog), "brunch" (breakfast + lunch).

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Adjective-forming Suffixes from Nouns

Adding a suffix to a noun to create an adjective, often conveying a quality associated with that noun.

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Adjective-forming Suffixes from Verbs

Adding a suffix to a verb to create an adjective, usually indicating the ability, state, or quality related to the action of the verb.

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Compound Nouns - Basic Types

Combining two independent words to create a new word with a combined meaning, often used to express a specific type, action, or relationship.

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Compound Nouns - Descriptive Types

Combining two words where the second word is a noun or adjective, describing the first word. They often convey a specific role or function.

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Compound Nouns - Relation Types

Combining two words where the first word is a noun, indicating a specific person or thing associated with the second word.

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Verb-forming Suffixes

Adding a suffix to a verb to create a new verb, often modifying the action or indicating a different aspect.

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Compound Verbs - Back-formation

Creating verbs by removing a suffix from a noun, resulting in a verb with a related meaning.

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Compound Verbs - Combination

Creating compound verbs by combining two words, typically a verb and a noun or adjective, to express a specific action or process.

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Acronym

A word formed by combining the first letter of each word in a phrase or a series of words. The resulting word is often pronounced as a single unit.

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Reduplication

A word formed by combining two identical or nearly identical elements. These words often create a repetitive sound effect.

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Eponymous Word

A word formed from a person's name. The word often reflects a connection to the person or their activities.

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Alphabetism

A word formed by combining the first letters of each word in a phrase, but the letters are pronounced individually.

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Compound Words

Words formed by combining existing words. This often involves a combination of combining existing words into a new one.

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Prefixed Words

A word formed by adding a prefix to an existing word. Prefixes are word parts that change the meaning of a words.

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Shortened Word

A word that has a specific meaning and can be used in place of a longer phrase. Often used in place of a noun or adjective.

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Study Notes

Word-Formation Rules

  • Affixation uses prefixes and suffixes with roots/stems to form new words.
  • Prefixes alter the meaning of words.
  • Prefixes can alter word class (e.g. from adjective to verb).
  • Other prefixes: de- (remove), dis- (opposite), un- (opposite).

Prefixes

  • Class Changing: Change the part of speech (e.g. a-, be-, en-).
  • Negative: Indicate the opposite meaning (e.g. un-, in-, non-).
  • Reversative: Indicate the opposite action (e.g. de-).
  • Pejorative: Indicate a negative or unfavourable meaning (e.g. mis-, mal-).
  • Degree/size: Indicate degree or scale (e.g. hyper-, hypo-, macro-, micro-, out-, over-, super-, ultra-).
  • Attitude: Indicate attitude or opinion (e.g. anti-, pro-, co-, counter-).
  • Locative: Indicate location or position (e.g. cata-, circum-, inter-, super-, trans-, sub-).
  • Time and order: Indicate time or sequence (e.g. ante-, fore-, pre-, post-, re-, prim-, proto-*).
  • Number: Indicate quantity or number (e.g. ambi-, bi/di-, mono-, uni-).

Suffixes

  • Noun-forming: Create nouns from existing words.

  • Occupational: Indicate a profession or job (e.g. -eer, -ist).

  • Diminutive/female: Indicate small size or femaleness (e.g. -ette, -ess, -let).

  • Status/domain: Indicate status or area of activity (e.g. -cracy, -dom, -ery, -hood, -ship).

  • Nouns from nouns.

  • Nouns from verbs: Form nouns from verbs (e.g. -ation, -al, -ant, -er, -ing, -ment, -ure).

  • Nouns from adjectives: Form nouns from adjectives (e.g. -cy, -ity, -ness, -th).

Compound Nouns

  • Combine two or more words to create a new noun.
  • Examples: bee sting, cleaning lady, demolitions squad.

Compound Verbs

  • Combines two (or more) words to create a new verb.
  • Examples created through back-formation: to globe-trot, to brainwash.
  • Examples formed by zero-derivation: to court-martial, to hand-cuff

Conversion (Zero Derivation)

  • Changes the part of speech without adding a suffix or prefix.
  • Examples changing nouns to verbs: asphalt - to asphalt, butter - to butter.
  • Examples changing compound nouns to verbs: sandpaper - to sandpaper, handcuff to handcuff.
  • Examples changing adjectives to verbs: dirty to dirty, calm to calm.

Clipping/Contraction

  • Shortens words without changing their meaning or function
  • Different types of clipping (aphaeresis, syncope, apocope).
  • Examples: advertisement - advert (or ad), examination - exam.

Blending

  • Combines parts of two words to form a new word.
  • Examples: flurry, grumble, cablegram, sportscast, Amerind, Velcro.

Abbreviations/Acronyms

  • Shorten phrases/words
  • Some can be pronounced as words, other as letters.
  • Examples: VHS, PC, EMT, AIDS, LEM, FOBS, and technical terms for computers such as RAM and ROM

Reduplication

  • Repeats elements to create a new word.
  • Two types: internal vowel alternations, and rhyming
  • Examples: chit-chat, drip-drop, boogie-woogie, willy-nilly.

Eponyms

  • Words derived from proper names (people or places).
  • Examples: macadam, mackintosh, guy, bobby, boycott, lynch, sandwich.

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