Word Formation and Prefixes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of prefixes are 'de-', 'dis-', and 'un-' classified as?

  • Affixes for size
  • Class changing prefixes
  • Pejorative prefixes
  • Class maintaining prefixes (correct)

Which prefix indicates a reversal of action?

  • a-
  • un-
  • mis-
  • dis- (correct)

What does the prefix 'hyper-' imply?

  • Badly or improperly
  • Inferior to
  • Excessive or above normal (correct)
  • False

Which of the following is NOT a negative prefix?

<p>mis- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the prefix 'be-'?

<p>To form transitive verbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix is used to form nouns from adjectives?

<p>-ness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a valid example of a compound noun?

<p>cleaning lady (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is formed using the -ize verb-forming suffix?

<p>amplify (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option represents a valid adjective formed from a noun?

<p>active (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following suffixes is used to form adjectives from verbs?

<p>-able (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the compound verb from the following options.

<p>to globe-trot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT a verb-forming suffix?

<p>-ous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What suffix can be used to form nouns indicating a state or quality from adjectives?

<p>-ity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'ultra-' convey in words like 'ultramodern'?

<p>Excessive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix is used to denote feminine roles, as in 'actress'?

<p>-ette (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the prefix 'inter-' in terms like 'international'?

<p>Between (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a noun-forming suffix indicating action derived from a verb?

<p>-ation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'post-' indicate in words such as 'postpone'?

<p>After (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fits a locative prefix meaning 'around' or 'about'?

<p>Circum- (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix indicates a system of governance, as in 'democracy'?

<p>-cy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'mono-' imply in terms like 'monotheism'?

<p>Single (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the combination of two independent words, such as 'flurry' from 'fly' and 'hurry'?

<p>Blend (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of an acronym compared to an abbreviation?

<p>Acronyms are pronounced as single words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is an example of reduplication based on internal vowel alternation?

<p>chit-chat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is derived from a person's name?

<p>sandwich (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'FBI' and 'NATO' examples of?

<p>Alphabetisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of word formation includes terms such as 'ram' and 'rom'?

<p>Acronyms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'grumble'?

<p>A blend (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a word formed by reduplication based on rhyme?

<p>nitty-gritty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a compound verb formed by zero-derivation from a simple noun?

<p>to butter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of clipping is represented by the example 'exam' derived from 'examination'?

<p>Apocope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of blending as described in the content?

<p>Takes the first part of one word and the last part of another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes syncope in the context of clipping?

<p>Reduction of the middle part of a word (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way that nominal zero-derivation is formed?

<p>From verbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of zero-derivation listed in the content?

<p>Adverbial zero-derivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correctly derived from an adjective through zero-derivation?

<p>final - finals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a compound noun from which zero-derivation is formed?

<p>sandpaper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prefix

A word part added to the beginning of a root word, changing the word's meaning or grammatical function.

Class-changing prefixes

Prefixes that change the word's grammatical class, for example, from a noun to a verb or an adjective to an adverb.

Class-maintaining prefixes

Prefixes that maintain the same grammatical class of the word but modify its meaning.

Negative prefixes

Prefixes that indicate the opposite of the root word, creating a negative meaning.

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Reversative prefixes

Prefixes that indicate the reversal of an action or state.

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ante-

A prefix indicating 'before' or 'former', often used to denote time or position.

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ambi-

A prefix indicating 'both' or 'two'.

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cata-

A prefix indicating 'down', often used to describe something that is falling or going downward.

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circum-

A prefix indicating 'around' or 'surrounding'.

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dia-

A prefix indicating 'across', 'through', or 'between'.

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super-

A prefix indicating 'over', 'above', or 'beyond'.

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sub-

A prefix indicating 'under'.

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trans-

A prefix indicating 'across', 'through', or 'beyond'.

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Zero Derivation

A word-formation process where a word is created from an existing word without any changes to its spelling or form.

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Verbal Zero Derivation

A type of zero derivation where a noun is turned into a verb. Example: "to butter" (verb) from "butter" (noun).

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Nominal Zero Derivation

A type of zero derivation where a verb is turned into a noun. Example: "a guess" (noun) from "to guess" (verb).

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Adjectival Zero Derivation

A type of zero derivation where an adjective is turned into a noun. Example: "the finals" (noun) from "final" (adjective).

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Clipping

A word-formation process where a part of a word is removed, resulting in a shortened form of the original word. Examples: "ad" from "advertisement", "exam" from "examination".

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Aphaeresis

Word shortening that removes the beginning of a word. Examples: "phone" from "telephone", "plane" from "airplane".

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Syncope

A type of clipping where the middle part of a word is omitted. Examples: "fan" from "fantasy", "veggie" from "vegetarian".

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Blending

A word-formation process that combines parts of two or more words to create a new word. Examples: "smog" (smoke + fog), "brunch" (breakfast + lunch).

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Adjective-forming Suffixes from Nouns

Adding a suffix to a noun to create an adjective, often conveying a quality associated with that noun.

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Adjective-forming Suffixes from Verbs

Adding a suffix to a verb to create an adjective, usually indicating the ability, state, or quality related to the action of the verb.

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Compound Nouns - Basic Types

Combining two independent words to create a new word with a combined meaning, often used to express a specific type, action, or relationship.

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Compound Nouns - Descriptive Types

Combining two words where the second word is a noun or adjective, describing the first word. They often convey a specific role or function.

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Compound Nouns - Relation Types

Combining two words where the first word is a noun, indicating a specific person or thing associated with the second word.

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Verb-forming Suffixes

Adding a suffix to a verb to create a new verb, often modifying the action or indicating a different aspect.

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Compound Verbs - Back-formation

Creating verbs by removing a suffix from a noun, resulting in a verb with a related meaning.

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Compound Verbs - Combination

Creating compound verbs by combining two words, typically a verb and a noun or adjective, to express a specific action or process.

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Acronym

A word formed by combining the first letter of each word in a phrase or a series of words. The resulting word is often pronounced as a single unit.

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Reduplication

A word formed by combining two identical or nearly identical elements. These words often create a repetitive sound effect.

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Eponymous Word

A word formed from a person's name. The word often reflects a connection to the person or their activities.

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Alphabetism

A word formed by combining the first letters of each word in a phrase, but the letters are pronounced individually.

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Compound Words

Words formed by combining existing words. This often involves a combination of combining existing words into a new one.

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Prefixed Words

A word formed by adding a prefix to an existing word. Prefixes are word parts that change the meaning of a words.

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Shortened Word

A word that has a specific meaning and can be used in place of a longer phrase. Often used in place of a noun or adjective.

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Study Notes

Word-Formation Rules

  • Affixation uses prefixes and suffixes with roots/stems to form new words.
  • Prefixes alter the meaning of words.
  • Prefixes can alter word class (e.g. from adjective to verb).
  • Other prefixes: de- (remove), dis- (opposite), un- (opposite).

Prefixes

  • Class Changing: Change the part of speech (e.g. a-, be-, en-).
  • Negative: Indicate the opposite meaning (e.g. un-, in-, non-).
  • Reversative: Indicate the opposite action (e.g. de-).
  • Pejorative: Indicate a negative or unfavourable meaning (e.g. mis-, mal-).
  • Degree/size: Indicate degree or scale (e.g. hyper-, hypo-, macro-, micro-, out-, over-, super-, ultra-).
  • Attitude: Indicate attitude or opinion (e.g. anti-, pro-, co-, counter-).
  • Locative: Indicate location or position (e.g. cata-, circum-, inter-, super-, trans-, sub-).
  • Time and order: Indicate time or sequence (e.g. ante-, fore-, pre-, post-, re-, prim-, proto-*).
  • Number: Indicate quantity or number (e.g. ambi-, bi/di-, mono-, uni-).

Suffixes

  • Noun-forming: Create nouns from existing words.

  • Occupational: Indicate a profession or job (e.g. -eer, -ist).

  • Diminutive/female: Indicate small size or femaleness (e.g. -ette, -ess, -let).

  • Status/domain: Indicate status or area of activity (e.g. -cracy, -dom, -ery, -hood, -ship).

  • Nouns from nouns.

  • Nouns from verbs: Form nouns from verbs (e.g. -ation, -al, -ant, -er, -ing, -ment, -ure).

  • Nouns from adjectives: Form nouns from adjectives (e.g. -cy, -ity, -ness, -th).

Compound Nouns

  • Combine two or more words to create a new noun.
  • Examples: bee sting, cleaning lady, demolitions squad.

Compound Verbs

  • Combines two (or more) words to create a new verb.
  • Examples created through back-formation: to globe-trot, to brainwash.
  • Examples formed by zero-derivation: to court-martial, to hand-cuff

Conversion (Zero Derivation)

  • Changes the part of speech without adding a suffix or prefix.
  • Examples changing nouns to verbs: asphalt - to asphalt, butter - to butter.
  • Examples changing compound nouns to verbs: sandpaper - to sandpaper, handcuff to handcuff.
  • Examples changing adjectives to verbs: dirty to dirty, calm to calm.

Clipping/Contraction

  • Shortens words without changing their meaning or function
  • Different types of clipping (aphaeresis, syncope, apocope).
  • Examples: advertisement - advert (or ad), examination - exam.

Blending

  • Combines parts of two words to form a new word.
  • Examples: flurry, grumble, cablegram, sportscast, Amerind, Velcro.

Abbreviations/Acronyms

  • Shorten phrases/words
  • Some can be pronounced as words, other as letters.
  • Examples: VHS, PC, EMT, AIDS, LEM, FOBS, and technical terms for computers such as RAM and ROM

Reduplication

  • Repeats elements to create a new word.
  • Two types: internal vowel alternations, and rhyming
  • Examples: chit-chat, drip-drop, boogie-woogie, willy-nilly.

Eponyms

  • Words derived from proper names (people or places).
  • Examples: macadam, mackintosh, guy, bobby, boycott, lynch, sandwich.

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Word Formation Rules (Lecture 4) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on word-formation rules and the various types of prefixes. This quiz covers how affixation can change meanings and classes of words through specific prefixes. Dive into the world of linguistics and enhance your understanding of language structure!

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