Women in Space and Medicine Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What significant milestone did Valentina Tereshkova achieve in 1963?

  • Became the first woman and first civilian to fly in space (correct)
  • Became the first civilian to cross the Atlantic
  • Founded the Soviet Women’s Committee
  • Completed the first solo space flight by a woman

Which event prompted Valentina Tereshkova to join the Soviet space program?

  • Launch of the first manned mission to Mars
  • The death of a notable Soviet cosmonaut
  • Introduction of new technology in space exploration
  • Soviet Union's early victory in the Space Race (correct)

What training did Tereshkova undergo before her flight into space?

  • Intensive space combat and survival tactics
  • Advanced aerodynamics and space physics
  • Parachute jumping and extreme isolation training (correct)
  • Chemical engineering and spacecraft design

Which accolade did Tereshkova receive in 1966?

<p>Hero of the Soviet Union (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant program did Patricia Bath co-found in 1976 aimed at promoting eye health?

<p>American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what capacity did Tereshkova serve after her space flight?

<p>Director of the Soviet Women's Committee (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prestigious university did Patricia Bath become the first female ophthalmologist at in 1975?

<p>UCLA's Jules Stein Eye Institute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Patricia Bath invent the Laserphaco Probe?

<p>1986 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the foundational belief expressed by Patricia Bath regarding vision?

<p>Good vision should be a fundamental human right. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medical specialty did Patricia Bath pursue after completing her studies at Howard University?

<p>Ophthalmology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Hawking radiation primarily caused by?

<p>Quantum particle-antiparticle creation near a black hole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Roger Penrose make to the study of black holes?

<p>He developed a method for mapping space-time around black holes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the emission of Hawking radiation have on black holes?

<p>It leads to black hole evaporation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key concept did Stephen Hawking incorporate into his theory of black holes?

<p>Quantum mechanics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Initially, how was Hawking's formula for Hawking radiation received by the scientific community?

<p>It faced significant skepticism and rejection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Stephen Hawking's professional title at Cambridge University?

<p>Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of Hawking's book A Brief History of Time?

<p>It stayed on the Sunday Times bestseller list for 237 weeks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant prize did Stephen Hawking receive for his contributions to fundamental physics?

<p>Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hawking's research on black holes contributed to the search for what in modern physics?

<p>A unified theory of everything (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite facing what challenges, did Stephen Hawking continue his research and public engagements?

<p>Severe physical disabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the term 'black hole' first coined?

<p>1967 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physicist's work significantly influenced Stephen Hawking's understanding of black holes?

<p>Roger Penrose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following milestones in Hawking's career occurred first?

<p>Wrote his PhD thesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence of black holes did Hawking predict in 1974 based on quantum theory?

<p>They emit heat and eventually evaporate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Stephen Hawking lose his ability to speak?

<p>1985 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Hawking's PhD thesis regarding the Universe?

<p>It suggested the Universe started from a singularity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Hawking receive the Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics at Cambridge?

<p>1979 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon was first observed by astronomers in 1964 that suggested the presence of black holes?

<p>X-ray binaries near star-forming regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Jocelyn Bell Burnell's initial assumption about the source of the radio signals she detected?

<p>They were from extraterrestrial intelligences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant recognition did Jocelyn Bell Burnell receive for her contributions to astronomy?

<p>Dame Commander of the British Empire. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Jocelyn Bell Burnell's PhD thesis?

<p>The study of twinkling quasars. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'pulsar' that emerged in 1968?

<p>It characterizes rapidly rotating neutron stars. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who supervised Jocelyn Bell Burnell during her PhD, and later received a Nobel Prize?

<p>Antony Hewish. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant discovery made by Tak Wah Mak regarding T-cell receptors in 1984?

<p>The genetic encoding of human T-cell receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Tak Wah Mak isolate genetic functions related to cancer using mice?

<p>1988 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which achievement did Tak Wah Mak accomplish in 1999 regarding Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Identified a chemical to block its fuel supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant aspect of T-cell receptors was revealed by Mak's groundbreaking discovery in 1983?

<p>They have a unique genetic sequence and origin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personal background influenced Tak Wah Mak's early life?

<p>He was the son of a wealthy silk trader (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First woman in space

Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to travel into space in 1963.

Vostok 6 mission

The spacecraft that carried Valentina Tereshkova into space in 1963.

Space Race

A competition between the US and USSR to achieve space dominance.

Parachutist background

Valentina's experience as a parachutist aided her return to Earth from space.

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Hero of the Soviet Union

A high honor awarded to Valentina Tereshkova for her space achievements.

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Patricia Bath's Profession

Ophthalmologist, inventor, and laser scientist

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First Female Ophthalmologist at UCLA

Patricia Bath was the first woman to become an ophthalmologist at UCLA's eye institute.

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Laserphaco Probe Invention

Patricia Bath invented this device for eye surgery in 1986, gaining a patent for it.

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Community Ophthalmology Program

Focuses on bringing sight-saving care to underserved areas globally.

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Vision as a Human Right

Patricia Bath emphasized that everyone deserves access to good vision.

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Hawking's Research

Stephen Hawking focused on quantum mechanics, which studies the infinitely small, to help create a theory of everything explaining the universe.

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Unified Theory of Everything

A single theory combining all known forces of nature to explain the universe's workings.

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Lucasian Professor

A prestigious position held by Stephen Hawking at Cambridge University, known for its association with famous mathematicians.

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A Brief History of Time

A popular science book written by Stephen Hawking that made him famous and sold millions of copies.

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Breakthrough Prize

Major award recognizing achievements in fundamental physics, worth $3 million.

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Hawking Radiation

Radiation emitted by a black hole due to quantum effects near its event horizon. It occurs when a virtual particle-antiparticle pair is created near the event horizon, one falls into the black hole, and the other escapes as radiation.

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Event Horizon

The boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. It's like a point of no return for anything that falls into the black hole.

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Black Hole Evaporation

The slow process of a black hole losing mass and energy due to Hawking radiation. This eventually leads to the black hole's complete disappearance.

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Penrose Diagrams

A graphical representation of spacetime regions around a black hole. It shows how gravity affects objects approaching the black hole and helps visualize the space-time curvature.

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Singularity

A point of infinite density and curvature in spacetime. It's believed to exist at the center of a black hole, where all matter is compressed.

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Black Hole

A region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. It is formed when a massive star collapses at the end of its life.

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What is the connection between black holes and the beginning of the Universe?

Stephen Hawking believed that understanding black holes could provide insights into the early Universe's origins, especially the singularity that is thought to have existed before the Big Bang.

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What disease did Stephen Hawking suffer from?

Stephen Hawking was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease that progressively weakens muscles and impairs motor function.

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How did Stephen Hawking communicate despite his condition?

Despite losing his ability to speak due to ALS, Stephen Hawking used a speech synthesizer controlled by his facial muscles to communicate.

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What is the Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics?

A prestigious chair of mathematics at the University of Cambridge, historically held by renowned mathematicians like Sir Isaac Newton.

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How did Stephen Hawking become a cultural icon?

Hawking achieved cultural stardom through his popular science writing, particularly A Brief History of Time, which made complex scientific concepts accessible to a wide audience.

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What are Pulsars?

Pulsars are rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars that emit a beam of electromagnetic radiation. This beam sweeps across the sky like a lighthouse, creating a detectable pulse as it crosses our line of sight.

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Jocelyn Bell Burnell's Discovery

Jocelyn Bell Burnell, while completing her PhD in 1967, discovered pulsars while using a radio telescope array. She detected consistent, rapidly pulsing radio signals, initially thought to be from extraterrestrial sources, leading to the discovery of pulsars.

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Significance of Pulsar Discovery

The discovery of pulsars significantly advanced the field of astrophysics. Their ability to act as precise clocks and their role in understanding neutron stars and the evolution of stars have been highly influential.

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LGM-1

This was the initial working title for the pulsar signals Jocelyn Bell Burnell detected, derived from the phrase 'Little Green Men'. This humorous name reflects the initial thought that the signals were from extraterrestrial life.

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Dame Commander of the British Empire

This is a high honor Jocelyn Bell Burnell was awarded in 2007 for her extraordinary contributions to astronomy, recognizing her discovery of pulsars and her lasting impact on the field.

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T-cell Receptors

Special proteins on the surface of T-cells that recognize and bind to antigens, triggering an immune response.

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Genetic Encoding of T-cell Receptors

The specific DNA sequence that determines the structure and function of T-cell receptors, contributing to their diversity and ability to recognize various antigens.

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Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment

Tak Wah Mak discovered a chemical that blocks the fuel supply of Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of cancer affecting the lymph nodes.

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Cancer and Immunology

Tak Wah Mak studied how the immune system interacts with cancer cells, aiming to understand and treat cancer.

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Molecular Biology Techniques

Tak Wah Mak used techniques like gene sequencing and genetic engineering to study the immune system and cancer.

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