Women in Space and Medical Innovations

Soviet cosmonaut, first woman in space

Year Valentina Tereshkova flew in space

Space capsule used by Valentina Tereshkova

Competition between US & USSR for space leadership

Valentina Tereshkova's achievement

Important skill for returning to Earth from space

Russian space program during the space race

First female ophthalmologist at the Jules Stein Eye Institute in 1975

Invention by Patricia Bath, a laser for more precise cataract removal, patented in 1988

Patricia Bath established and directed an ophthalmology residency program in 1983.

Ophthalmology

Laserphaco Probe

Advocating for sight-saving treatment in developing countries

Howard University

Restoring sight

Artificial cornea replacement

Theoretical physics, focusing on black holes and the origin of the universe.

Radiation emitted by black holes due to quantum effects near the event horizon.

Black holes lose energy and mass over time due to Hawking radiation, eventually disappearing.

A point of infinite density and size, a result of giant star collapse (if Einstein is correct).

Proposed that the universe originated from a singularity.

The boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape.

Proved the existence of gravitational singularities.

Renowned British mathematician & physicist known for work on black holes and Big Bang.

A point of infinite density and gravity inside a black hole.

Black holes eventually evaporate and emit heat due to quantum effects.

Visual representations of spacetime around black holes

Hawking held this Cambridge position previously held by Isaac Newton.

Hawking's popular science book explaining cosmology.

Describes matter and energy at the atomic level.

The prevailing cosmological model for the universe's origin.

A neurological disease that led to Stephen Hawking's physical limitations

A field of Physics focusing on mathematical models and theoretical concepts.

Stephen Hawking held a prestigious mathematics position at Cambridge University from 1979 to 2009, despite his disability.

Hawking conducted significant research on black holes, contributing to modern physics.

Hawking sought a single theory to explain all the universe's fundamental forces and aspects.

Hawking's bestselling book popularized complex scientific concepts, remaining a top seller for an extended period.

Hawking received a substantial award for his ground-breaking contributions to fundamental physics.

Hawking traveled and shared his scientific knowledge with vast audiences through public lectures.

T-cells have unique genetic sequences that determine how they recognize antigens.

T-cells use receptors to identify specific protein markers (antigens) on the surfaces of cells.

A type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the body's immune response, especially against infections and cancer.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered pulsars, rapidly rotating neutron stars emitting radio waves in pulses, in 1967.

A rare type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system.

Methods used to study biological processes at the molecular level.

A rapidly rotating neutron star emitting pulses of radio waves.

Diseases that Affect the immune system functioning, such that they lose their ability to fight off diseases or in some cases, over-react inappropriately.

Extremely dense star formed from the collapse of a massive star.

Year Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered pulsars.

Collection of radio telescopes used to detect radio waves from space, in this case, quasars.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell's doctoral research focused on twinkling quasars.

A playful working title for a pulsar, standing for "Little Green Men-1", before the true nature was understood.