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Questions and Answers

A company excels in its domestic market due to a specific business model perfectly suited to local conditions. However, this model proves ineffective when the company expands internationally. What concept does this scenario best illustrate?

  • Economies of scale
  • Paradox of fit (correct)
  • First-mover advantage
  • Liability of foreignness

Which of the following is the most direct example of 'liability of foreignness' for a U.S. company entering the German market?

  • The need to comply with unfamiliar German environmental regulations. (correct)
  • Easy access to established distribution networks already serving the European Union.
  • Lower production costs due to cheaper labor in Germany.
  • Gaining immediate brand recognition due to the 'Made in USA' label.

A Canadian retail company known for its exceptional customer service is expanding into the United States. They discover that U.S. customers have different expectations regarding service interactions. What challenge are they most likely facing?

  • Overcoming liability of foreignness. (correct)
  • Utilizing a blue ocean strategy.
  • Establishing a first-mover advantage.
  • Exploiting economies of scale.

A software company developed a highly successful product perfectly aligned with the technological infrastructure and user preferences in its home country. Upon international expansion, they find that other countries have different technological standards and user expectations, requiring significant product modifications. This scenario exemplifies:

<p>The paradox of fit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a firm actively mitigating 'liability of foreignness' when entering a new international market?

<p>Partnering with a local company that understands the market's culture and regulations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company initially enters foreign markets through exporting. What stage of industry globalization does this represent?

<p>Market entry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST significant driver for companies to expand globally due to competitive pressures?

<p>Global rivalry pushing firms to expand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of the area (geographic) division structure in international business?

<p>Prone to activity and cost duplication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a global matrix structure, to whom do managers typically report?

<p>Both to product and country/area manager (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'front-end' of the front-end/back-end structure?

<p>Local responsiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines the strategic importance of a local market in Bartlett and Ghoshal's subsidiary role typology?

<p>Whether the host market is a key market or resource hub (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A global product division structure aims to maximize which of the following?

<p>Global economies of scale and scope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company with a strong brand recognition decides to expand internationally. How would you classify this advantage in the context of international business strategy?

<p>Non-location-bound firm-specific advantage, because strong brand recognition can be leveraged across different countries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A manufacturing company is considering expanding its operations to a new country. According to Porter's Diamond, which of the following factors would be MOST important to analyze to determine the potential competitive advantage of that country?

<p>The presence of skilled labor, infrastructure, and capital. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software company is considering expanding into a new international market. Which of the following CAGE dimensions would be MOST relevant to consider?

<p>Administrative distance defined by differences in political systems and institutional frameworks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company decides to expand internationally to leverage economies of scale and increase profitability. Which of the following 'WHY' questions of international business strategy is the company primarily addressing?

<p>Adding volume to cover fixed costs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST direct way a company can achieve 'Differentiation' when deciding WHY to expand internationally?

<p>Adapting product features to meet local consumer preferences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is considering expanding into a new international market. Which of the following reflects a 'Development' strategy, as described by Alcácer?

<p>Expanding into the new market specifically to gain access to unique technologies or expertise present there. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A multinational corporation is deciding whether to standardize its marketing campaign across all international markets or to adapt it to each local market. According to the content, what is the critical balance companies need to achieve?

<p>Balancing standardization with local responsiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the CAGE framework, which distance dimension is most directly affected by differences in legal systems and regulatory environments between two countries?

<p>Administrative Distance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company wants to enter a new international market with minimal initial investment and risk. Which entry mode would be most suitable?

<p>Exporting its products directly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company centralizes its manufacturing operations in a single location to serve the global market, taking advantage of significant cost efficiencies. Which lever for adding value is the company primarily utilizing?

<p>Global economies of scale. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When choosing a local partner in a new international market, what critical aspect should a company prioritize to avoid potential problems, according to the lecture?

<p>Establishing clear rules and agreements in writing, similar to a prenuptial agreement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gupta & Govindarajan, what is a key challenge in global strategy execution related to balancing autonomy and centralization?

<p>Coordination complexity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company discovers that consumer preferences in a new market are significantly different from its home market. Which lever for adding value would be most relevant to address this situation?

<p>Local adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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According to the article, what is the primary driver of a nation's competitiveness in the global economy?

<p>The capacity of its industries to innovate and upgrade. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of global competition, what role do domestic rivals, aggressive suppliers, and demanding customers play in shaping a company's competitive advantage?

<p>They foster innovation and push companies to upgrade constantly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The article suggests that in an era of increasing globalization, the importance of nations has:

<p>Increased as the basis of competition shifts to knowledge creation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do national values, culture, economic structures, institutions, and histories contribute to creating and sustaining competitive advantage?

<p>They create unique environments that foster competitive success in particular industries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the article, why do nations ultimately succeed in particular industries?

<p>Because their home environment is the most forward-looking, dynamic, and challenging. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A country has highly specialized engineering universities and vocational training programs tailored to the automotive industry. According to Porter's Diamond, which attribute is most directly strengthened by this?

<p>Factor Conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a nation known for fostering intense competition among domestic companies within the electronics sector, which element of Porter's Diamond is most directly and positively influenced?

<p>Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A country's chemical industry benefits greatly from having strong, world-class transportation and logistics firms within its borders. Which aspect of Porter's Diamond is most exemplified by this?

<p>Related and Supporting Industries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nation's population is known for its early adoption of new technologies, which pushes domestic companies to innovate rapidly and iterate on product design. Which element of Porter's Diamond does this scenario best reflect?

<p>Demand Conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A country legislates strict environmental regulations that force its domestic automobile manufacturers to develop highly fuel-efficient vehicles ahead of their global competitors. Which component of the Diamond of National Advantage is primarily influencing this innovation?

<p>Demand Conditions and Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the resource-based view (RBV), which of the following conditions is MOST likely to lead to sustained competitive advantage for a company operating internationally?

<p>Possession of valuable, rare, inimitable, and organization-embedded (VRIO) resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST likely outcome when a company's international strategy focuses solely on cost reduction without considering local market needs and preferences?

<p>Decreased customer satisfaction and potential market share loss. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An international firm is deciding between standardizing its product globally versus adapting it to local market needs. What critical factor should drive this decision?

<p>The degree to which customer preferences and needs vary across markets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is considering entering a new international market. Which of the following actions would BEST demonstrate proactive mitigation of the 'liability of foreignness'?

<p>Hiring local managers with deep knowledge of the market. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Porter's Diamond, what is the role of 'related and supporting industries' in fostering a nation's competitive advantage?

<p>They foster innovation and efficiency through collaboration and specialization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST significant risk associated with using a purely functional organizational structure in a large multinational corporation?

<p>Lack of coordination and communication between different functional departments operating globally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company with a global matrix structure faces a situation where a local subsidiary manager receives conflicting directives from both the regional head and the product division head. What is the MOST likely negative consequence of this situation?

<p>Role ambiguity, conflict, and reduced efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A multinational corporation is deciding whether to centralize R&D activities in its home country or decentralize them across various international subsidiaries. Which factor would MOST strongly favor decentralization?

<p>The importance of adapting products and services to local market needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the key difference between basic factors of production and those that contribute to competitive advantage in knowledge-intensive industries?

<p>Specialized factors require sustained investment and are tailored to specific industry needs, while basic factors are more general and easily accessible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a nation creating, upgrading, and deploying factors of production to gain a competitive advantage?

<p>A nation invests heavily in vocational training programs tailored to the specific needs of its automotive industry, leading to higher productivity and innovation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the content challenge traditional economic theory regarding factors of production and international trade?

<p>It argues that inherited factors of production are less important than the ability to create and upgrade specialized factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A country with a generally well-educated workforce seeks to develop a competitive advantage in the biotechnology industry. Which strategy would be MOST aligned with the principles described in the content?

<p>Establishing specialized research institutions and funding programs that focus on biotechnology-specific skills and knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conventional wisdom suggests that a large pool of inexpensive labor gives a nation a competitive advantage. According to the reading, why might this NOT be true?

<p>In knowledge-intensive industries, specialized skills and technology can be more important and can be accessed globally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nation has a significant deposit of a rare earth mineral. According to the content, under what circumstances would this NOT automatically translate into a competitive advantage in industries that use the mineral?

<p>If the process to refine the mineral requires expertise that the nation lacks and cannot readily develop. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A small country wants to compete in the global software market. What approach would best align with the ideas presented in the content?

<p>Focus on developing a highly specialized computer science program at its universities and invest in venture capital funds focused on software startups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Liability of foreignness

Additional costs and challenges firms face when operating in a foreign market, compared to domestic firms.

Paradox of fit

Challenges when a firm's strong fit in one market becomes a disadvantage in new foreign markets.

Location Advantages

Unique aspects of a country's economy, politics, or culture that benefit firms operating within it.

Location-Bound Firm-Specific Advantages

A company's unique competitive edge that is difficult to transfer outside its home country.

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Non-Location-Bound Firm-Specific Advantages

A company's unique strengths that can be transferred and utilized across international borders.

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ADDING Value (International Expansion)

Adding volume, Decreasing costs, Differentiating, Improving industry structure, Neutralizing risks, Generating knowledge.

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CAGE Distance Framework

Cultural, Administrative, Geographic, Economic.

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Global Deployment

Replicating a successful home-market business model globally.

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Global Development

Expanding globally to acquire new knowledge or capabilities.

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Global Deepening

Reducing costs by using global economies of scale or offshoring.

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Standardization vs. Local Responsiveness

Balancing uniform products/services with adapting to local needs.

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Key Cost Globalization Drivers

Cost differences, scale economies, and optimized supply chains.

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Key Government Globalization Drivers

Free trade, deregulation, and common standards.

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Key Market Globalization Drivers

Similar customer needs, global brands, and transferable marketing.

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Key Competitive Globalization Drivers

Competitors operating globally and increased foreign acquisitions.

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Market Entry

The initial stage where companies enter international markets through exporting or global sourcing.

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Product Specialization

Shifting production activities to locations with lower costs to improve efficiency.

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Value Chain Disaggregation

Breaking down the value chain and distributing activities across different locations.

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Value Chain Reengineering

Changing internal processes to boost efficiency in a global context.

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Creation of New Markets

Expansion into new areas while adapting strategies to create demand.

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International Division Structure

Structure with one international division drawing from home country products/services.

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Global Matrix Structure

Structure that balances global integration with local responsiveness.

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National Competitiveness

A nation's ability for its industries to innovate and improve.

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Sources of Competitive Advantage

Domestic rivalry, strong suppliers, and demanding customers within a nation.

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Knowledge-Based Competition

Competition increasingly relies on creating and using new knowledge.

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National Differences

National values, culture, economic structures, institutions, and history.

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Home Environment

The environment within a nation that fosters innovation, dynamism & challenge.

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Factor Conditions

A nation's factors of production (e.g., skilled labor, infrastructure) necessary to compete in a given industry.

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Demand Conditions

The nature and sophistication of home-market demand for the industry's product or service.

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Related & Supporting Industries

The presence of internationally competitive supplier industries and related industries within the nation.

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Firm Strategy, Structure, & Rivalry

How companies are created, organized, and managed, along with the intensity of domestic rivalry.

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Diamond of National Advantage

A system of attributes that create the national environment in which companies are born and learn how to compete.

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Factors of Production

Factors like labor, land, and capital that influence trade flows between nations.

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Comparative Advantage (Traditional)

Exporting goods that heavily utilize a nation's abundant resources.

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Created Factors of Production

Creating specialized resources, such as skilled labor or advanced technology.

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Factor Creation Rate

The speed and effectiveness of developing and using specialized resources in specific industries.

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Specialized Factors

Resources requiring significant and ongoing investment that are tailored to specific industries.

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Basic Factors

Basic resources like general labor or raw materials.

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Industry-Specific Factors

Resources specifically tailored to an industry's unique requirements.

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National Environment

The context influencing firms, including information flow, goals, and pressures to innovate.

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Advantage by Skill Accumulation

Occurs when a nation fosters rapid skill accumulation, providing companies with a competitive advantage.

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Advantage by Information

Achieved when a country enables better access to information about product and process improvements.

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Advantage by Innovation

Results from a country creating pressures for companies to consistently innovate and invest.

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Italian Ceramic Tile Industry (1987)

Italian companies held leading positions in ceramic tile production and export.

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Sassuolo, Italy

The location where most of the Italian ceramic tile producers were based.

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Emilia-Romagna

Region in Italy where the town of Sassuolo (center of Italian ceramic tile industry) is located

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Diamond Framework

A framework detailing the interaction of factors that shape a nation's competitive advantage.

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Study Notes

CAGE Framework Revisions

  • The CAGE analysis framework was updated to reflect "Emerging markets Look before you leap" by Tarun Khanna and Krishna Palepu
    • These markets are not uniform as well as defined by the voids

Key Actions on the Three Questions of Strategy

  • Before diving into emerging markets dedicate time to introspection and assessment
    • What is the core business model?
    • Create or take advantage of new business relations based on common ground.
    • Does this market/model depend on institutions at home?
    • Which areas are transferable/valuable?

Four Areas of Emerging Market Success

  • Assess market
  • Assess labor
  • Assess capital
  • Micro analysis

Institutional Voids and their significance

  • Institutional voids that are often present are: lack of market data, untrusted experts, broken distribution networks, high corruption, too few capital-market options, and/or weak contract enforcement
  • The macro framework requires for successful strategy execution: government, society, press

NMS

  • A useful process for integrating non-market factors into strategy is (IA) Framework which is a framework based on issues, actors, interests, arenas, information and assets.

Characteristics of the nonmarket strategy

  • It has clear issues, you can identify the most important actors as well
  • The power base can clearly identified
  • The structure is based on the power base

Steps to success:

  • Identify key social/political issues that affect business
  • Identify the stakeholders involved
  • Understand what each actor wants

Additional notes

  • What was deemed great about (3) M. Porter may not work well, what we can do is make certain that strategies account for differences and what nonmarket is?
  • For each of M Porters components the value created by the elements/resources above
  • The actions should be clear and relevant

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