Wireless Technology Frequency Basics
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Questions and Answers

Which of these channel widths is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as being available in the 5 GHz band for Wi-Fi?

  • 30 MHz (correct)
  • 80 MHz
  • 20 MHz
  • 40 MHz
  • Which of the following is NOT a key benefit of the 5 GHz band over the 2.4 GHz band for Wi-Fi?

  • More channels available
  • Support for a wider range of channel widths
  • Increased range (correct)
  • Greater data capacity
  • Which regulatory mechanism is NOT specifically discussed in the text as being part of the 802.11h amendment for the 5 GHz band?

  • Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)
  • Channel Bonding (correct)
  • Automatic Channel Switching
  • Transmit Power Control (TPC)
  • Which statement BEST describes the relationship between channel width and data throughput rate in 5 GHz Wi-Fi?

    <p>Wider channels generally lead to higher potential data throughput. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text emphasizes that the total available channels in the 5 GHz band varies by region. This is mainly attributed to:

    <p>Variations in local regulatory requirements and frequency allocations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, which scenario represents the most likely reason for a Wi-Fi device operating in the 5 GHz band to automatically switch to a different channel?

    <p>The device encountering a radar signal on its current operating frequency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the text regarding 160 MHz channels in the 5 GHz band?

    <p>They are more efficient for data transmission than 20 MHz channels due to their wider bandwidth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which authentication method provides an upgrade path for organizations to gradually migrate from WPA2-PSK to WPA3-Personal, enabling WPA2-PSK and WPA3-Personal to use the same SSID and password, while also potentially posing a security risk if a device using WPA2-PSK is compromised?

    <p>WPA3-Personal Transition Mode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which authentication mode requires unique credentials for each user or device attempting to access the network, rejecting the use of a single shared password?

    <p>WPA3-Enterprise Authentication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary security mechanism used with Pre-Shared Key (PSK) authentication to protect data transmitted over a wireless network?

    <p>Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary security vulnerability associated with WPA2-PSK authentication that makes it susceptible to attacks?

    <p>Shared, potentially weak password used across devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following authentication methods aims to simplify network access by eliminating the need to manually enter a passphrase, relying instead on a button press or PIN?

    <p>Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to match the Category rating of the modular jacks to the cable requirements?

    <p>To ensure that data transmission meets the desired speed and performance standards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a punch-down tool when terminating a keystone jack?

    <p>To secure wires into their designated slots and trim excess wire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the inner wires of a cable are nicked or damaged during stripping, what should you do?

    <p>Cut off the damaged portion of the cable and re-strip the insulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it critical to insert wires into the keystone jack from the inside to the outside, following the color coding?

    <p>To ensure correct polarity and data transmission direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using a punch-down tool, what should be the orientation of the blade's cutting edge?

    <p>Facing the outside of the keystone jack, towards the exterior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the extra slack left on the wires outside the keystone jack before punching down?

    <p>To accommodate the cutting action of the punch-down tool and ensure proper wire retention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a cable tester when terminating keystone jacks?

    <p>To verify the continuity and wire mapping of the connection after termination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the listed tools is NOT directly involved in the termination process of a keystone jack?

    <p>Cable tester (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to select a cable stripper designed for round twisted-pair cable?

    <p>To maintain the integrity of the inner wires and ensure proper contact in the keystone jack. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the instructions emphasizes the importance of maintaining a consistent and standardized process when terminating keystone jacks?

    <p>Following the color coding for T568A or T568B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step involved in the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA-CA) process?

    <p>Channel Allocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Transmit Request-to-Send (RTS) and Receive Clear-to-Send (CTS) handshake in CSMA-CA?

    <p>To confirm the receiver's availability before transmission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Service Set Identifier (SSID) in a wireless network?

    <p>To identify the network and differentiate it from others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID) and the Service Set Identifier (SSID)?

    <p>The BSSID is a unique identifier for each access point, while the SSID identifies the entire network. Each network can have multiple access points with different BSSIDs, but they share the same SSID. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is CSMA-CA still considered an integral part of modern Wi-Fi networking even with advancements like MU-MIMO and OFDMA?

    <p>CSMA-CA is still essential because it provides a foundation for collision avoidance, and MU-MIMO and OFDMA build upon this foundation to improve efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Acknowledgment (ACK) in CSMA-CA?

    <p>To notify the sender that the data was successfully received by the recipient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) step in CSMA-CA?

    <p>CCA ensures that the wireless channel is clear before a device transmits data, reducing the likelihood of collisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a Basic Service Set (BSS) and an Infrastructure Mode network?

    <p>In a BSS, devices communicate directly with each other, while in Infrastructure Mode, devices communicate through a central access point. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Basic Service Set (BSS) and the Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID)?

    <p>A BSS is a group of devices connected to a single access point, and the BSSID is the unique identifier of that specific access point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antenna is specifically designed for point-to-point communication over long distances, minimizing interference and featuring a highly concentrated beam?

    <p>Unidirectional Parabolic Antenna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antenna is best suited for providing Wi-Fi coverage down a hallway or specific area in a building?

    <p>Directional patch antenna (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of an open wireless network that distinguishes it from an encrypted network?

    <p>It does not utilize encryption protocols to protect data in transit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    CSMA-CA

    A protocol that helps avoid collisions before data transmission by checking the channel.

    Clear Channel Assessment

    The step where a device listens to the channel to see if it is free before transmitting.

    Randomized Backoff Period

    A wait time a device observes after detecting a busy channel before rechecking.

    RTS/CTS Handshake

    A method to reserve a channel momentarily before data transmission using Request-to-Send and Clear-to-Send signals.

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    Data Transmission

    The actual sending of data once the channel is clear and the backoff is over.

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    ACK (Acknowledgment)

    A signal sent back to the sender confirming that data was received successfully.

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    SSID

    A unique name for a specific wireless network that users select to connect.

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    BSSID

    A unique identifier (MAC address) for a specific access point in a wireless network.

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    Basic Service Set (BSS)

    The fundamental unit of a Wi-Fi network consisting of one access point and its connected devices.

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    5 GHz Band

    A frequency band providing more channels and capacity than 2.4 GHz.

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    Channel Availability

    The number of channels varies by region due to regulations.

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    U-NII Bands

    Sub-bands within the 5 GHz band with specific regulatory rules.

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    Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)

    Feature requiring Wi-Fi to switch channels if radar signals are detected.

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    Transmit Power Control (TPC)

    Adjusts Wi-Fi device transmission power to the minimum required level.

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    Channel Width Types

    Variations of channel widths impacting data throughput and performance.

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    80 MHz Channels

    Typically used in 802.11ac, combining four 20 MHz channels for high throughput.

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    Unidirectional Antenna

    An antenna focused in a single direction for long-range coverage.

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    Directional Patch Antenna

    An antenna designed for moderate directional coverage.

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    Yagi Antenna

    A directional antenna with a narrow beam, used for long-range communication.

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    Parabolic Antenna

    An antenna with a highly concentrated beam for point-to-point communication.

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    Open Network

    A wireless network without encryption, allowing easy access and data interception.

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    Encrypted Network

    A wireless network that scrambles data for secure transmission.

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    Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)

    An early encryption protocol for wireless networks supporting 60 and 128-bit keys.

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    Point-to-Point Connection

    A communication setup between two specific points, often using unidirectional antennas.

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    Wireless Security Protocols

    Standards that determine the level of encryption and security for wireless networks.

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    VPN

    A Virtual Private Network that encrypts your internet connection for security.

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    Modular Patch Panels

    Devices that allow easy cable connections and management in networking.

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    Keystone Jacks

    Modular connectors used for terminating network cables in patch panels.

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    Punch-Down Tool

    An impact tool used to secure wires into keystone jacks effectively.

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    Cable Stripper

    A tool designed to remove the outer insulation from cables safely without damage.

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    Wire Cutter

    A tool used to cut cable to the desired length before termination.

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    Cable Tester

    Devices that check the connectivity and mapping of network cables.

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    T568A and T568B

    Two wiring standards for connecting wires in network cables correctly.

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    Cable Preparation

    The process of measuring, cutting, and stripping cables before termination.

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    Untwisting Wires

    Separating pairs of wires after stripping to prepare for insertion into jacks.

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    Terminology Verification

    The final step to ensure all wires are correctly connected and functioning.

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    Pre-Shared Key (PSK)

    A shared password for wireless network authentication, used by all users for access.

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    WPA2-PSK

    WPA2 using a pre-shared key for authentication, requiring a passphrase of 8 to 63 characters.

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    WPA3-Personal

    An improved wireless security protocol that uses Simultaneous Authentication of Equals for password protection.

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    Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)

    A standard simplifying Wi-Fi connections without manual password entry, using a button or PIN.

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    WPA3-Enterprise

    Requires individual credentials for each user or device, rejecting a single shared password for access.

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    Study Notes

    Frequency Options

    • Frequency bands are portions of the electromagnetic spectrum used by all wireless devices to transmit and receive data.
    • Regulatory bodies assign specific bands for different wireless technologies in different regions.
    • Frequency is the number of times an electromagnetic wave oscillates per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
    • Higher frequencies oscillate faster while lower frequencies oscillate slower.
    • A frequency of 2.4 GHz means the wave oscillates 2.4 billion times per second.
    • Wi-Fi data transmission uses radio waves, often following a sinusoidal pattern known as a sine wave.
    • A single cycle of the wave equals one complete oscillation, measured in Hertz (Hz).
    • Frequency is critical in wireless communications as it determines the signal's attributes, including data carrying capacity.
    • Higher frequencies carry more data per second than lower frequencies.

    Wireless Performance Technologies

    • Single Input Single Output (SISO) is a basic form of wireless communication using one antenna for transmission and reception.
    • SISO is limited to one spatial stream and half-duplex mode, meaning it cannot transmit and receive simultaneously.
    • Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) utilizes multiple antennas to send and receive multiple spatial streams simultaneously, increasing data throughput.
    • Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) allows one device to send and receive up to four spatial streams.
    • Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) allows an access point to transmit data to multiple clients simultaneously, increasing data throughput and bandwidth.

    Range and Obstacle Penetration

    • Lower frequencies can travel longer distances and penetrate obstacles more effectively than higher frequencies.

    Interference and Congestion

    • Lower frequencies, especially the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band, are often more congested due to more competing devices and technologies.
    • Higher frequencies usually experience less interference.

    Channels, Width, Overlap, and Regulatory Impacts

    • Wi-Fi frequency bands are divided into channels.
    • Channels allow multiple wireless networks to operate within the same band without causing interference.
    • Channels enhance network capacity through parallel data transmission.
    • Network administrators can assign devices to less congested channels, increasing data rates.

    2.4 GHz Band Channels

    • The 2.4 GHz band is subdivided into 14 channels, each spaced 5 MHz apart.
    • The available channels for use in different regions vary.
    • Channels 1, 6, and 11 are non-overlapping and commonly used to minimize adjacent channel interference.

    5 GHz Band Channels

    • The 5 GHz band offers more channels and greater data capacity than the 2.4 GHz band.
    • The number of available channels varies by region due to local regulations.

    Band Steering

    • Band steering guides devices in a Wi-Fi network to connect to the most appropriate frequency band (typically 5 GHz or 6 GHz) instead of the congested 2.4 GHz band.
    • Decisions are based on factors such as device capabilities, signal strength, network load, and latency.

    Important Installation Implications

    • Location considerations are crucial for network installation; important locations are MDFs (Main Distribution Frame) and IDFs (Intermediate Distribution Frames).
    • IDFs typically support specific sections of a building, containing access switches, patch panels, monitoring devices, and security equipment.
    • MDFs act as the central distribution hub for a building or campus and include core components like core switches, routers, and gateways.
    • Structured Cabling Systems (ANSI/TIA standards) are essential for proper installation with guidelines for work areas, horizontal cabling, and backbone cabling.

    Wireless Security Settings

    • Wireless security protocols provide varying encryption levels.
    • The first attempt at wireless security was Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP).
    • Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and WPA2 were developed to address security vulnerabilities in WEP and offer upgraded security features compared to earlier methods.
    • WPA3 is the latest standard, emphasizing robust password-based authentication and advanced protection against offline and online attacks.

    Network Types

    • Infrastructure Networks use central access points (WAPs) where devices connect.
    • Ad Hoc Networks allow devices to connect directly to each other.
    • Mesh Networks rely on a decentralized architecture where nodes interconnect to form a web-like structure, commonly used for wide area networks.
    • Point-to-Point Networks directly connect two devices or locations, offering high-bandwidth, stable, and secure communication.

    Power Management in Network Installations

    • Perfect power is a stable power supply with no deviations in voltage and frequency.
    • Voltage and frequency fluctuations can damage electronic equipment.
    • Power surges, sags, and brownouts are events that can negatively impact network devices.
    • UPSs (Uninterruptable Power Supplies) provide backup power in case of grid failures, minimizing damage to sensitive equipment.

    Environmental Factors

    • Maintaining a controlled environment with proper temperature, humidity, and fire suppression prevents equipment failure.
    • High temperature and humidity levels can be damaging to network components.
    • Systems such as pre-action sprinklers and water mist can minimize damage from electrical fire.

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    Module 3 Review PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of frequency bands and their impact on wireless technologies. This quiz covers electromagnetic wave properties, regulatory assignments, and the significance of frequency in data transmission. Test your knowledge on key concepts pertaining to frequency and wireless performance.

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