Chapter 3
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary benefit of a centralized controller in software-defined networking (SDN)?

  • It enables faster data processing at the hardware level.
  • It eliminates the need for any configuration changes.
  • It allows for a comprehensive view and management of the entire network. (correct)
  • It simplifies the installation process of network devices.

    • Which plane in traditional networking is responsible for forwarding data between interfaces?

  • The Management Plane
  • The Data Plane (correct)
  • The Network Plane
  • The Control Plane

    • What key role does the Management Plane play in traditional networking?

  • Responsible for configuration and monitoring. (correct)
  • Processes the data packets for forwarding.
  • Handles routing information between devices.
  • Calculates performance metrics for the network.

    • In the context of network function virtualization (NFV), what does the term 'MANO' represent?

    <p>Management and Orchestration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intent-based networking enhance traditional network management?

    <p>By translating business objectives into network policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the Control Plane in traditional networking?

    <p>Forwarding data between network interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes software-defined networking from traditional networking?

    <p>Decoupling control from forwarding functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge that software-defined networking addresses in modern networks?

    <p>Minimizing the impact of network downtime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of IP protocol does GENEVE utilize?

    <p>Any supported IP protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key advantage of micro-segmentation over traditional VLAN segmentation?

    <p>It allows communication across different data centers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which project is specifically designed to provide policy-based micro-segmentation for containers?

    <p>Contiv</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role that Open vSwitch (OVS) plays in network management?

    <p>Implements packet-filtering firewalls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the zero-trust model in micro-segmentation imply?

    <p>Communications require explicit policy definitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary function of OpenStack Neutron?

    <p>It provides networking-as-a-service in cloud platforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of network function virtualization (NFV), what is the significance of the Open Platform for Network Function Virtualization (OPNFV)?

    <p>It fosters the development and adoption of NFV technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main challenges addressed by the advancements in micro-segmentation?

    <p>Need for applications to move seamlessly across servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the APIC in Cisco ACI?

    <p>To distribute policy-based configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the topology used in Cisco ACI?

    <p>Leaf-and-spine topology with no interconnections between leaf or spine switches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of VXLAN in modern networks?

    <p>Encapsulating Layer 2 Ethernet frames within UDP packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology is NOT a method for implementing overlay networks?

    <p>ARP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between leaf and spine switches in a Cisco ACI environment?

    <p>Leaf switches connect to all spine switches without interconnections between themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of encapsulation does NVGRE use?

    <p>GRE packets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of using an overlay networking model?

    <p>Segregation of network traffic into segments while maintaining communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following technologies allows for highly flexible encapsulation of Layer 2 Ethernet frames?

    <p>GENEVE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and SDN Security

    • SDN decouples control from forwarding functions in networking equipment
    • Software centrally manages and programs hardware for forwarding
    • SDN security concepts include centralized policy management and micro-segmentation
    • SDN solutions like Cisco ACI and Cisco DNA are introduced
    • Network overlays are discussed, along with their purpose

    Network Programmability

    • Networks are managed through modern APIs and other functions
    • The chapter covers SCOR 350-701 exam objectives, specifically Domain 1: Security Concepts, including explaining northbound and southbound APIs and Cisco DNA Center (DNAC) APIs.
    • The "Do I Know This Already?" quiz helps gauge student understanding.
    • Key topics are mapped to quiz questions in Table 3-1

    Traditional Networking Planes

    • Traditional networking has management, control, and data planes
    • Management plane handles configuration and monitoring (CLI or GUI)
    • Control plane uses Layer 2 and 3 protocols (e.g., OSPF, RIP, BGP)
    • Data plane forwards data between interfaces

    So What's Different with SDN?

    • Software centralizes control for the network infrastructure.
    • SDN controllers provide a global view of the network, simplifying management.
    • SDN calculation of reachability in the network promotes forwarding changes
    • Open vSwitch (OVS) and Cisco Application Policy Infrastructure Controller are examples of SDN controllers.

    Introduction to the Cisco ACI Solution

    • Cisco ACI provides centralized policy and configuration management
    • Cisco ACI uses a leaf-and-spine topology
    • Leaf switches connect to spine switches in the network
    • Leaf switches act as virtual extensible LAN (VXLAN) tunnel endpoints (VTEPs)
    • Virtualization of networks through VXLAN through encapsulation.

    Micro-segmentation

    • Traditional segmentation using VLANs is less effective for modern traffic patterns ("East-West" traffic)
    • Micro-segmentation is needed to segment application traffic in virtual and distributed environments
    • Application segmentation and policies are independent of their network location
    • Containers and virtualized networks require different segmentation approaches.

    Open-Source Initiatives

    • Several open-source projects aim at modern networking benefits (e.g., Neutron from OpenStack, Open vSwitch(OVS), Open Virtual Network(OVN), OpenDaylight (ODL), Open Platform for Network Function Virtualization (OPNFV), Contiv)

    Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

    • NFV virtualizes network functions like firewalls and routers into VMs.
    • NFV uses a hypervisor for isolation, a virtual forwarder, and a network controller.
    • OPNFV is an open-source framework for deploying NFV solutions

    Cisco DNA Center

    • Cisco DNA is an intent-based networking solution for campus, WAN, and branch networks
    • Cisco DNA Center provides policy, automation, and analytics capabilities.
    • Cisco DNA Center integrates with external services like Cisco ISE for user authentication and authorization.

    Cisco DNA Policies

    • Cisco DNA center enables Group-based access control policies, IP-based access control policies, application access control policies, and traffic copy policies.
    • Key performance indicators (KPIs) are provided from Cisco DNA Center reports for management

    Cisco DNA Center Assurance Solution

    • Cisco DNA Center Assurance provides network insights via historical, real-time, and predictive analysis.
    • The solution focuses on automating network troubleshooting and reducing delays.
    • The solution can configure sensors for wireless network health monitoring

    Cisco DNA Center APIs

    • Cisco DNA Center APIs are RESTful APIs providing policy-based abstraction for business intent.
    • API use focuses on outcomes instead of implementing intricate configurations.
    • API integrations manage non-Cisco devices via an SDK for device packages.

    Modern Programming Languages and Tools

    • Modern programming languages (e.g., Python, JavaScript, Go, Swift) are flexible and easier to learn
    • Python is a recommended language for network programmability in general.
    • Python's requests library simplifies making HTTP/HTTPS requests to APIs

    Network Device APIs

    • Network devices offer APIs for configuration, status, and troubleshooting
    • Examples include APIs for handling credentials, network devices, and interface details
    • Accessing APIs requires proper authentication

    NETCONF

    • NETCONF (Network Configuration Protocol) uses an XML-based structure for communication.
    • A NETCONF client typically is the network management application
    • A NETCONF server is the managed device

    RESTCONF

    • RESTCONF is a REST variant of NETCONF.
    • Follows REST principles yet keeps some server state.
    • Standardized requests (GET, PUT, POST, PATCH, DELETE) make it quick and easy.

    OpenConfig and gNMI

    • OpenConfig provides vendor-neutral data models using YANG for network devices
    • gNMI (gRPC Network Management Interface) is the protocol used
    • gNMI uses YANG models to describe network features such as configuration, status, and network events.

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    Chapter 3: Software-Defined Networking Security and Network Programmability PDF

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