Chapter 3 Physiology and Histology of the Skin
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Questions and Answers

Why is UVB radiation also known as 'burning rays'?

  • It causes sunburn
  • It causes cancer
  • It causes DNA damage
  • Both A and C (correct)

    • What is not an element of the skin's acid mantle?

  • Sweat
  • Sebum
  • Lipid
  • Blood (correct)

    • What causes injured skin to restore itself to its normal thickness?

    Hyperproduction of cells

    Histology is also known as _____.

    <p>Microscopic anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of healthy skin?

    <p>Slightly rough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are most abundant in the fingertips, as opposed to other parts of the body?

    <p>Sensory nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average internal temperature of the body in degrees Fahrenheit?

    <p>98.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the body perspire?

    <p>To protect us from overheating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are follicles?

    <p>Tubelike openings in the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glycation?

    <p>The binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hair papillae?

    <p>Cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the body is hyaluronic acid found?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hydrolipidic film?

    <p>Oil-water balance that protects the skin's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acid mantle?

    <p>Protective layer of lipids and secretions on the skin's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the body are the coiled structures known as apocrine glands found?

    <p>Underarm and genital areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the contraction of the arrector pili muscle?

    <p>Goose bumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ceramides?

    <p>Glycolipid materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is collagen?

    <p>Fibrous tissue made from protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are corneocytes?

    <p>Hardened keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis?

    <p>Dermal papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How fast does hair grow?

    <p>6 inches per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and that lubricates both the skin and hair?

    <p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formal name for the horny layer?

    <p>Stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technical term for the nail?

    <p>Onyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is true of the stratum corneum that it is the outermost layer of the skin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the stratum germinativium?

    <p>Cells divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the stratum granulosum?

    <p>Keratin is produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the skin provides a protective cushion and energy storage for the body?

    <p>Subcutaneous layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the glands that excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body?

    <p>Sudoriferous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes telangiectasia?

    <p>Aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes transepidermal water loss?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dermis?

    <p>Support layer below the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves react to heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch?

    <p>Sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein fiber is found in the dermis and gives skin its flexibility and firmness?

    <p>Elastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates cells to reproduce and heal?

    <p>Epidermal growth factor (EGF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is true of the epidermis that it is the outermost layer of the skin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What comprises about 50 to 70 percent of the skin?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the body to produce its own vitamin D?

    <p>Exposure to the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not one of the six primary functions of the skin?

    <p>Reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do free radicals produce more free radicals?

    <p>While causing oxidation reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do the sudoriferous glands perform?

    <p>Excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eccrine glands are _____.

    <p>Sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ are the basic material and building blocks of the body's tissues.

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sweat glands that are found all over the body with openings on the skin's surface through pores and that are not attached to hair follicles?

    <p>Eccrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do sebaceous glands perform?

    <p>Protect the surface of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estheticians who specialize in the health and beauty of skin are sometimes referred to as _____.

    <p>Technicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estheticians should be able to interpret the effects of which factor that influences skin health and appearance?

    <p>Hormones, ultraviolet damage, and nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an esthetician's primary focus?

    <p>Preserving, protecting, and nourishing the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does scar tissue lack?

    <p>Hair and sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estheticians should have a thorough understanding of the physiology and histology of the skin for all of the following reasons except _____.

    <p>Diagnosing problems your clients are having</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of hard B-keratin does hair contain?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is B-keratin different from A-keratin?

    <p>It has lower moisture and fat than A-keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the nail plate: It contains no nerves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person has a purple or bluish tone under their fingernails, then they likely have which condition?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves convey impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands?

    <p>Motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skin Physiology and Histology

    • UVB radiation, known as "burning rays," contributes to skin burning and cancer risk.
    • The skin's acid mantle does not include blood; it consists of lipids and secretions for protection.
    • Injured skin restores normal thickness through hyperproduction of cells.
    • Histology refers to microscopic anatomy, studying the tissue structure at a cellular level.

    Healthy Skin Characteristics

    • Healthy skin has a smooth texture, not slightly rough, indicating a lack of blemishes or irregularities.
    • Fingertips contain the most abundant sensory nerve fibers, enhancing tactile senses.
    • The average internal body temperature is 98.6°F, which helps regulate various physiological processes.

    Skin Functions and Components

    • The body perspires to prevent overheating, maintaining thermal homeostasis.
    • Follicles are tubelike structures in the epidermis, crucial for hair growth and skin health.
    • Glycation is the binding of protein molecules to glucose, potentially damaging skin.
    • Hair papillae are cone-shaped structures at the base of hair follicles, nourishing hair growth.

    Skin Layers and Glands

    • Hyaluronic acid, found in the skin, aids in moisture retention and skin elasticity.
    • The hydrolipidic film maintains an oil-water balance, protecting the skin's surface.
    • The acid mantle serves as a protective layer on the skin, composed of lipids and secretions.
    • Apocrine glands, located in areas like the underarms and genital regions, contribute to sweat production.
    • Contraction of the arrector pili muscle creates goosebumps, responding to cold or emotional stimuli.

    Skin Composition and Growth

    • Sebum acts as an oil providing protection and lubrication for the skin and hair.
    • The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the skin, composed of dead keratinized cells.
    • The technical term for nails is onyx, reflecting their keratin-based composition.
    • The subcutaneous layer acts as a cushion, providing energy storage and insulation.
    • Hair grows at an average rate of 6 inches per year, a reflection of healthy hair follicles.

    Skin Health and Functions

    • Sudoriferous glands excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify.
    • Eccrine glands are sweat glands found throughout the body with openings on the skin’s surface.
    • The dermis serves as the support layer beneath the epidermis, housing blood vessels and nerves.
    • The epidermis is the outermost layer, providing a barrier against environmental damage.

    Cellular Components and Skin Changes

    • Free radicals can perpetuate oxidative stress, causing further cellular damage in the skin.
    • Water makes up 50 to 70 percent of skin composition, essential for hydration and skin function.
    • Telangiectasia, characterized by small visible blood vessels, is often caused by aging.
    • Transepidermal water loss occurs due to evaporation, affecting skin hydration levels.

    Additional Functions and Hormonal Effects

    • Hormones, ultraviolet damage, and nutrition significantly influence skin health and appearance.
    • Scar tissue lacks hair follicles and sweat glands, impacting its functionality and appearance.
    • Estheticians focus on preserving, protecting, and nourishing skin through various treatments.
    • Fibrous tissue known as collagen provides structure and firmness to skin.

    Keratin Variants and Nails

    • Hair contains approximately 90% hard B-keratin, differing from A-keratin by its lower moisture content.
    • The nail plate is devoid of nerves, affecting its sensation and response to external stimuli.
    • Cyanosis, indicated by a bluish tone under fingernails, signals a potential oxygen deficiency.

    Nerve Functions

    • Sensory nerves react to heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch, providing crucial feedback to the body.
    • Motor nerves convey impulses from the central nervous system to stimulate muscle movements and glandular functions.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key concepts of physiology and histology related to the skin with these flashcards. Explore definitions and facts about UV radiation, skin elements, and healing processes. Perfect for students studying dermatology or those interested in skin science.

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