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Questions and Answers
Which type of white blood cell is primarily associated with allergic reactions?
Which type of white blood cell is primarily associated with allergic reactions?
Which of the following statements about leukocytes is true?
Which of the following statements about leukocytes is true?
What is the main function of leukocytes in the body?
What is the main function of leukocytes in the body?
Where are granulocytes primarily produced?
Where are granulocytes primarily produced?
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What happens to monocytes when they cross the blood vessels?
What happens to monocytes when they cross the blood vessels?
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Which condition is characterized by a decrease in the number of white blood cells?
Which condition is characterized by a decrease in the number of white blood cells?
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What type of leukocyte is least abundant in the body?
What type of leukocyte is least abundant in the body?
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Which type of infection does the neutrophil primarily respond to first during inflammation?
Which type of infection does the neutrophil primarily respond to first during inflammation?
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What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?
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From which cells are macrophages derived?
From which cells are macrophages derived?
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Which lineage of white blood cells starts with myeloblasts?
Which lineage of white blood cells starts with myeloblasts?
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What is the function of B-cell lymphocytes?
What is the function of B-cell lymphocytes?
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When do neutrophils typically first respond to an infection?
When do neutrophils typically first respond to an infection?
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Which white blood cells are responsible for producing lymphocytes and plasma cells?
Which white blood cells are responsible for producing lymphocytes and plasma cells?
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What is the fate of monocytes after they exit the blood vessels?
What is the fate of monocytes after they exit the blood vessels?
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Where are granulocytes and monocytes produced?
Where are granulocytes and monocytes produced?
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What causes the initial heat during the inflammatory process?
What causes the initial heat during the inflammatory process?
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Which cardinal sign of inflammation is associated with increased blood flow?
Which cardinal sign of inflammation is associated with increased blood flow?
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What is the role of histamine during the inflammatory response?
What is the role of histamine during the inflammatory response?
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What is the main purpose of the inflammatory response?
What is the main purpose of the inflammatory response?
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Which of the following processes helps prevent pathogen spread during inflammation?
Which of the following processes helps prevent pathogen spread during inflammation?
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What causes the swelling associated with inflammation?
What causes the swelling associated with inflammation?
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Which cell type is primarily responsible for the initial response in injury?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for the initial response in injury?
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What is the term for the loss of function associated with inflammation?
What is the term for the loss of function associated with inflammation?
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What is the primary color of pus due to the presence of neutrophils?
What is the primary color of pus due to the presence of neutrophils?
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What does the presence of Pyocyanin indicate in pus?
What does the presence of Pyocyanin indicate in pus?
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How are dead cells and necrotic tissue in pus processed after an infection is suppressed?
How are dead cells and necrotic tissue in pus processed after an infection is suppressed?
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Eosinophils are primarily involved in responding to which type of infection?
Eosinophils are primarily involved in responding to which type of infection?
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What effect does an infection or inflammation have on white blood cell activity?
What effect does an infection or inflammation have on white blood cell activity?
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What occurs to most evidence of tissue damage after the healing process?
What occurs to most evidence of tissue damage after the healing process?
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What type of tissue does myeloperoxidase present in neutrophils target?
What type of tissue does myeloperoxidase present in neutrophils target?
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Which pigment provides the characteristic green color in pus associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa infections?
Which pigment provides the characteristic green color in pus associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa infections?
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What role do selectins and ICAM-1 play on endothelial cells?
What role do selectins and ICAM-1 play on endothelial cells?
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How long does it typically take for newly formed granulocytes and monocytes to exit the bone marrow?
How long does it typically take for newly formed granulocytes and monocytes to exit the bone marrow?
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What is the effect of prolonged stimulation from inflamed tissue on bone marrow activity?
What is the effect of prolonged stimulation from inflamed tissue on bone marrow activity?
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What process allows neutrophils to move from the blood into tissue spaces?
What process allows neutrophils to move from the blood into tissue spaces?
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What is the main consequence of an uncontrolled increase in macrophage production?
What is the main consequence of an uncontrolled increase in macrophage production?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for the increase in granulocyte and monocyte production during inflammation?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the increase in granulocyte and monocyte production during inflammation?
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What term describes the process of neutrophils being attracted to the site of infection?
What term describes the process of neutrophils being attracted to the site of infection?
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When endothelial cell attachments loosen, what is the significant result during inflammation?
When endothelial cell attachments loosen, what is the significant result during inflammation?
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Study Notes
White Blood Cells
- White blood cells (WBCs) are the mobile units of the body's protective system
- WBCs defend against infection
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Types of WBCs:
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Granulocytes: Have granules inside
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Neutrophils
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Agranulocytes: Do not have cytoplasmic granules
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
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Granulocytes: Have granules inside
- WBCs are formed in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
- Granulocytes, monocytes, and some lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow
- Lymphocytes and plasma cells are produced in the lymph tissue
- WBCs are carried through the bloodstream to various parts of the body
The Genesis of White Blood Cells
- Two lineages of WBCs:
- Myelocytic: Starts with the myeloblast, progressing through promyelocyte until it becomes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils; monocytes are also produced in this lineage
- Lymphocytic: Contains only leukocytes and starts with the lymphoblast that eventually becomes lymphocytes and plasma cells
Phagocytosis by White Blood Cells
- Phagocytosis is performed by neutrophils (which are the first to arrive at the site of infection) and macrophages
- Macrophages originate from monocytes in the blood
- Monocytes transform into macrophages once they exit the bloodstream and reach the infected site within tissues
- Neutrophils and macrophages are able to engulf and destroy invading pathogens
Antibodies & Lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes are responsible for the production of antibodies, particularly B-cell lymphocytes
- B-cell lymphocytes are produced and stored in the bone marrow until needed
- Once infection begins, neutrophils are the first responders, followed by monocytes, which become macrophages
- Eosinophils and lymphocytes arrive in the later stages of infection
- Basophils (least numerous) are typically present during allergic reactions
Formation of Pus and Tissue Repair
- Pus forms as a result of the destruction of neutrophils, macrophages and necrotic tissue at the site of infection.
- Pus usually appears whitish-yellow, yellow, or greenish
- The color can vary, depending on factors such as the presence of myeloperoxidase (an antibacterial protein in neutrophils) or pigments like pyocyanin (produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Rubor: Redness
- Calor: Heat
- Tumor: Swelling
- Dolor: Pain and Tenderness
- Functio laesa: Loss of function
Control of Macrophages
- Macrophages control the inflammatory process by:
- Phagocytizing: Engulfing and destroying pathogens
- Stimulating: Triggering other immune cells
- Presenting: Presenting antigens to lymphocytes to initiate adaptive immunity
- Control of macrophage proliferation is important to prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage
Inflammation Process
- Inflammation is a complex process involving multiple events designed to eliminate foreign material and repair damaged tissues.
- In injury, the resident tissue macrophage acts first.
- Mast cells and basophils release histamine, causing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, which allows leukocytes to migrate to the inflamed area.
- Platelets activate the coagulation cascade, leading to the release of clotting elements and the formation of a clot at the wound site, which prevents the spread of pathogens through the bloodstream.
- Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the wound site followed by monocytes, which differentiate into macrophages.
- The inflammatory response continues until the foreign materials are eliminated, and the wound is repaired.
The Fourth Line of Defense: Increased Production of Granulocytes and Monocytes by the Bone Marrow
- Infection or inflammation triggers the bone marrow to increase the production of granulocytes and monocytes.
- This increase can be sustained for months or years in chronic inflammation.
- It is essential to maintain a balance in the number of these cells, as excessive amounts can lead to detrimental effects.
Leukocytosis: An Increase in White Blood Cells
- Leukocytosis is an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood.
- It is a common response to infection, inflammation, or various other stimuli.
- It indicates the body is trying to fight off an invading organism.
Leukopenia: A Decrease in White Blood Cells
- Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of white blood cells.
- This can be caused by various factors, including infections, certain medications, autoimmune disorders, and bone marrow suppression.
- It can make the body more susceptible to infections.
Leukemia: Cancer of the Blood Forming Tissues
- Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues, primarily the bone marrow.
- Uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal white blood cells crowds out normal blood cells.
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Types of Leukemia:
- Acute Leukemia: Characterized by rapid growth and accumulation of blast cells (immature white blood cells) in the bone marrow.
- Chronic Leukemia: Characterized by a slower progression and a higher proportion of mature white blood cells.
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Effects of Leukemia:
- Anemia (due to decreased red blood cell production).
- Thrombocytopenia (due to decreased platelet production).
- Infections (due to impaired immune function).
- Organ damage.
- Leukemia can be fatal if left untreated.
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Description
This quiz explores the different types of white blood cells (WBCs) and their functions in the immune system. Learn about granulocytes and agranulocytes, their formation, and their role in defending against infections. Test your knowledge on the genesis of WBCs and the lineages involved in their production.
