Wellness and Illness Concepts

• Wellness is a dynamic state of overall well-being, balancing physical, mental, and social health
• Illness is a state of poor health with disease, dysfunction, or discomfort in the body or mind
• Wellness-Illness Continuum represents levels of wellness and illness
• Health promotion includes activities and strategies to enhance overall health and well-being
• Disease prevention involves measures to reduce the occurrence or impact of diseases
• Upstream thinking is a proactive approach to health promotion that focuses on preventing problems at their source

8 Dimensions of Wellness

• Physical wellness involves maintaining a healthy body through activity, nutrition, and sleep
• Emotional wellness includes awareness, acceptance of feelings, and stress management
• Social wellness means developing meaningful relationships and a support network
• Spiritual wellness refers to finding purpose and meaning in life
• Intellectual wellness involves engaging in mentally stimulating activities
• Occupational wellness means satisfaction and fulfillment from work or school
• Environmental wellness means living in a healthy environment and minimizing harm
• Financial wellness includes managing resources for future financial stability
• These dimensions are interconnected and imbalance in one can affect others

Levels of Prevention

• Primary prevention prevents disease before it occurs via immunizations and health education
• Secondary prevention includes early detection and intervention to prevent progression, like mammograms
• Tertiary prevention manages disease to reduce complications, such as rehabilitation for stroke patients

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases

• Age
• Gender
• Genetics
• Family history

Modifiable Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases

• Tobacco use
• Weight
• Diet
• Lifestyle

Health Behavior Guidelines

• Adults should engage in at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity
• Adults should do muscle-strengthening activity at least 2 days a week
• Newborns need the most sleep, 14-17 hours per day
• Older adults need the least sleep, 7-8 hours per day
• Adults should get 7-9 hours of sleep per night
• Dietary guidelines are established by the USDA and HHS

Stress Management

• Mindfulness and meditation
• Physical exercise
• Deep breathing exercises
• Time management techniques
• Social support and talking with a trusted person

Domains of Learning

• Cognitive domain focuses on knowledge and intellectual skills
• Affective domain focuses on attitudes and feelings
• Psychomotor domain focuses on physical skills and actions

Bloom's Taxonomy

• Remembering involves recalling facts
• Understanding involves explaining concepts
• Applying means using information in new situations
• Analyzing means breaking down information
• Evaluating involves making judgments
• Creating means producing new work

Characteristics of Adult Learners

• Self-directed
• Goal-oriented
• Practical with a problem-solving focus
• Draws on life experiences
• Needs relevance and application

Teaching-Learning Principles

• Active participation encourages learners to engage in hands-on experiences
• Material should be relevant to learners’ real-life needs
• Reinforcement includes feedback and encouragement to promote learning

Client Readiness

• A client's psychological and emotional preparedness to engage in learning or behavior change

Health Literacy

• Health literacy is the ability to understand and use health information to make decisions
• At-risk populations include the elderly, low-income, and non-native speakers
• Nursing practices should use plain language, visual aids, and teach-back methods

Readiness for Change

• The extent to which a person is prepared to adopt healthier behaviors

Transtheoretical Model & Stages of Change

• Precontemplation: No intention to change
• Contemplation: Considering change
• Preparation: Planning for change
• Action: Actively making changes
• Maintenance: Sustaining change
• Relapse: Returning to previous behavior

Decisional Balance

• Decisional balance is weighing the pros and cons of changing behavior
• Preparation occurs when the pros outweigh the cons
• Motivational interviewing is most effective when the client is in the precontemplation and contemplation phase

Motivational Interviewing

• Purpose: Help guide clients through stages of change
• Core skills: Open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summarizing (OARS)
• Essence/Spirit: Collaboration, acceptance, compassion, and evocation

Intrapersonal/Interpersonal Health Promotion Models

• Intrapersonal models focus on individual factors
• Interpersonal models emphasize social interactions and support

Operant Conditioning

• Intrinsic rewards provide internal satisfaction
• Extrinsic rewards offer external incentives

Health Belief Model Concepts

• Perceived susceptibility is the belief in one's risk of getting a condition
• Perceived severity is the belief in the seriousness of a condition

Common Threads in Health Behavior Change

• Self-efficacy refers to confidence in one's ability to succeed
• Social support refers to encouragement and help from others
• Attitudes/Affect refers to positive or negative feelings toward behavior change
• Readiness refers to willingness and preparedness to change
• Struggle/Lapse refers to challenges and setbacks during behavior change

Strategies to Increase Self-Efficacy

• Mastery experiences include success in small, achievable goals
• Vicarious experiences include seeing others succeed
• Verbal persuasion includes positive feedback and encouragement
• Emotional regulation includes managing stress and emotions

Nudge Theory

• Reflective processes encourage people to make better decisions in a subtle way
• The environment plays a crucial role in shaping behavior

Benefits of Using Health Promotion Frameworks

• Using frameworks ensures comprehensive approaches by addressing multiple factors influencing health and allow for targeted interventions

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

• SDOH includes conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that influence health outcomes
• SDOH affects health inequalities and opportunities
• Examples include; low income may limit access to nutritious foods and healthcare, and higher education can lead to better health literacy and healthier behaviors

Ecological Frameworks in Health Promotion and Wellness

• Focuses on the interaction between individuals and their environments to understand health behaviors
• Health is shaped by multiple layers, from personal choices to policy-level influences
• Examples include implementing school wellness programs that encourage physical activity and engaging parents in health education

Terminology

• Ethnocentrism involves judging other cultures by the standards of one's own
• Ethnorelativism involves understanding and accepting different cultures on their own terms
• Acculturation involves the process of adapting to or adopting aspects of another culture
• Transcultural Nursing involves providing culturally competent care to people from diverse backgrounds
• Cultural Diversity refers to the existence of various cultural groups within a society
• Cultural Humility is an ongoing process of self-reflection and learning about different cultures to reduce power imbalances

Cultural Assessment

• Purpose: To understand a patient's cultural background, values, and health beliefs to deliver culturally competent care
• Topics include: Communication preferences, family roles, dietary restrictions, religious beliefs, and traditional healing practices

Engage Fundamentals RN 2.0

• Health promotion includes activities that improve health and prevent disease
• Wellness is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
• Disease prevention involves actions taken to prevent illness or minimize its effects
• Illness-Wellness Continuum represents the varying degrees of health
• Health education involves providing information to encourage healthy behaviors
• Healthy People Initiative is a national effort to improve public health by setting goals and objectives

Modifiable vs. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

• Modifiable: Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and smoking
• Non-modifiable: Age, gender, and genetics
• Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)/Factors Affecting Health include aspects that affect health outcomes

Levels of Prevention

• Primary prevention prevents disease before it starts
• Secondary prevention includes early detection and treatment
• Tertiary prevention manages established disease to prevent further complications
• Quaternary prevention prevents over-medicalization and unnecessary interventions

Cultural Beliefs

• Understanding and respecting patients' cultural beliefs is essential for providing culturally competent care

Self-Care recommendations

• For clients: Encouraging patients to adopt healthy behaviors such as regular exercise, balanced diet, and stress management
• For nurses: Practicing self-care to prevent burnout, including adequate rest, physical activity, and emotional support