Wellness and Illness Concepts

• Wellness is a dynamic state of overall well-being, balancing physical, mental, and social health
• Illness represents poor health marked by disease, dysfunction, or discomfort affecting the body or mind
• The Wellness-Illness Continuum illustrates varying degrees of health, ranging from high-level wellness to severe illness
• Health Promotion includes activities that improve overall health and well-being
• Disease Prevention refers to taking action to prevent the occurrence of disease or lessen its impact
• Upstream Thinking is a proactive health promotion approach that addresses the root causes of disease and risk factors

Eight Dimensions of Wellness

• Physical Wellness: Maintaining a healthy body through nutrition, sleep, and regular exercise
• Emotional Wellness: Recognizing feelings, managing stress with therapy or mindfulness
• Social Wellness: Building meaningful relationships and a strong support network
• Spiritual Wellness: Seeking purpose and meaning in life through meditation
• Intellectual Wellness: Engaging in mentally stimulating activities such as reading
• Occupational Wellness: Finding fulfillment and satisfaction from work or school with work-life balance
• Environmental Wellness: Living in a healthy environment and minimizing harm to it by recycling
• Financial Wellness: Managing resources for future financial stability through budgeting

Levels of Prevention

• Primary Prevention aims to prevent disease before it occurs, like vaccinations
• Secondary Prevention detects and intervenes early such as mammograms
• Tertiary Prevention manages disease to reduce complications like stroke rehabilitation

Non-Modifiable and Modifiable Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases

• Non-Modifiable Risk Factors: Age, gender, genetics and family history
• Modifiable Risk Factors: Tobacco use, weight, diet, and lifestyle

Health Behavior Guidelines

• Physical Activity (Adults): 150 minutes per week of moderate aerobic exercise and muscle-strengthening activity 2 days a week
• Sleep Recommendations: Newborns need 14-17 hours, older adults need 7-8 hours, and adults need 7-9 hours
• Dietary Guidelines established by the USDA and HHS

Stress Management

• Strategies for Coping with Stress and Anxiety: Mindfulness, exercise, deep breathing, time management, and social support

Domains of Learning

• Cognitive: Knowledge and intellectual skills, such as lectures
• Affective: Attitudes and feelings, like group discussions
• Psychomotor: Physical skills and actions, such as hands-on practice

Bloom's Taxonomy

• Remembering: Recalling facts like memorizing health guidelines
• Understanding: Explaining concepts like describing a health condition
• Applying: Using information in new situations, such as practicing a procedure
• Analyzing: Breaking down information like comparing treatments
• Evaluating: Making judgments such as assessing a diet plan
• Creating: Producing new work, like designing a health plan

Characteristics of Adult Learners

• Adult Learners: Self-directed, goal-oriented, practical, draws on life experiences, and needs relevance
• Teaching-Learning Principles: Active participation, relevance to real life, and reinforcement
• Client Readiness: Readiness is a client's psychological and emotional preparedness to engage in learning

Health Literacy

• Health Literacy Definition: Understanding and using health information
• At-risk populations include the elderly and low-income individuals
• Nursing practices should use plain language

Readiness for Change

• Readiness for Change: A person’s preparedness to adopt healthier behaviors

Transtheoretical Model & Stages of Change

• Precontemplation: No intention to change like being unaware of smoking risks

• Contemplation: Considering change, like thinking about quitting smoking

• Preparation: Planning for change, like setting a quit date

• Action: Actively making changes like using nicotine patches

• Maintenance: Sustaining change like remaining smoke-free for six months

• Relapse: Returning to previous behavior like recommencing smoking

• Decisional balance weighs the pros and cons of changing behavior

• Preparation: Occurs when pros outweigh the cons

• Motivational Interviewing is effective in precontemplation and contemplation

Motivational Interviewing

• Purpose: Guide clients through stages of change
• Core Skills (OARS): Open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summarizing
• Essence/Spirit: Collaboration, acceptance, compassion, and evocation

Intrapersonal/Interpersonal Health Promotion Models

• Intrapersonal focuses on individual factors like self-efficacy
• Interpersonal emphasizes social interactions and support like peer influences

Operant Conditioning

• Intrinsic rewards: Internal satisfaction like feeling good after exercise
• Extrinsic rewards: External incentives like praise for quitting smoking

Health Belief Model Concepts

• Perceived susceptibility: Belief in risk like feeling at risk for heart disease
• Perceived severity: Belief in seriousness like fear of complications from diabetes

Common Threads in Health Behavior Change

• Self-efficacy: Confidence in one's ability to succeed
• Social support: Encouragement from others
• Attitudes/Affect: Positive or negative feelings
• Readiness: Willingness and preparedness to change
• Struggle/Lapse: Challenges during behavior change

Strategies to Increase Self-Efficacy

• Mastery experiences: Achieving small, achievable goals like a workout
• Vicarious experiences: Seeing others succeed, like someone quit smoking
• Verbal persuasion: Positive feedback
• Emotional regulation: Managing stress

Nudge Theory

• Reflective Processes: Subtle suggestions to reflect on choices
• Role of Environment: Shapes behavior such as pacing healthy foods at eye level

Benefits of Using Health Promotion Frameworks

• Systems Frameworks ensures comprehensive approaches by addressing multiple factors influencing health
• SDOH: Conditions influencing health outcomes such as birth, growth, work, and age
• SDOH affects health inequalities and opportunities like income and education

Ecological Frameworks

• Ecological Frameworks focus on interactions between individuals and their environments
• Health is shaped by layers like community, societal, and policy levels

Terminology

• Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures by standards of one's own
• Ethnorelativism: Understanding and accepting different cultures on their own terms
• Acculturation: Adapting to another culture
• Transcultural Nursing: Providing culturally competent care
• Cultural Diversity: Existence of various cultural groups within a society
• Cultural Humility: Ongoing process of self-reflection in different cultures

Cultural Assessment

• Purpose: To understand a patient's cultural background
• Topics: Communication preferences, family roles, dietary restrictions, religious beliefs

Health Promotion

• Health Promotion: Activities that improve health
• Wellness: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
• Disease Prevention: Actions taken to prevent illness
• Illness-Wellness Continuum: Spectrum representing wellness degrees
• Health Education: Providing information for healthy behaviors

Other Information

• Healthy People Initiative: A national effort to improve public health
• Modifiable vs Non-Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors relate to lifestyle v genetics
• SDOH are factors affecting health outcomes
• Cultural beliefs encompass cultural beliefs for culturally competent care
• Self-care encourages healthy behaviors and prevents burnout