Welfare Systems and Market Failures
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Questions and Answers

What is one example of market failure that might lead to a need for welfare?

  • Insufficient jobs available (correct)
  • Excessive job opportunities
  • Efficient economic exchange
  • High rates of employment

    • Welfare is solely provided by government organizations.

    False (B)

    Name one type of organization that can provide welfare support apart from the government.

    charities

    After World War II, many countries set up __________ welfare systems between 1945 and 1975.

    <p>stronger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following welfare concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Guilds = Worker organizations in medieval times Friendly societies = Groups helping each other during industrial times Welfare States = Government systems to balance worker and employer needs Market exchange = Selling skills for economic gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of risks relates to the unequal distribution of risks across different occupational groups?

    <p>Class risks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Life-course risks include trajectories related to education, employment, and retirement.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is considered the most equal in terms of income distribution?

    <p>Europe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the transmission of social risks from one generation to another?

    <p>Intergenerational risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United States has one of the highest levels of economic development but is highly unequal.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the post-industrial economy, non-standard employment includes part-time, __________, and temporary work.

    <p>flexible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What three phases characterize global inequality over time according to the content?

    <p>Phase I: IR -- 1950, Phase II: 1950-2000, Phase III: 2000 - ...</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>PIR = Shift to young adult and prime age risks IR = Risks associated with childhood and old age Class risks = Inequalities tied to socioeconomic status Old social risks = Risks typical of the industrial economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes old social risks?

    <p>Risks identified during the golden age of high growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Branko Milanovic grew up under _____ in Yugoslavia.

    <p>communism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to global inequality measurements when recalculated by population size?

    <p>They indicate a constant decline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pygmalion effect suggests that students from high socio-economic backgrounds receive less encouragement from teachers.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of class risks related to job insecurity.

    <p>Unstable job or job loss for low-skilled workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of global inequality to their characteristics:

    <p>Phase I = Divergence from IR to 1950 Phase II = Peaking inequality from 1950-2000 Phase III = Continued evolution from 2000 onwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colonialism has been linked to rising inequality in the West.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been identified as a reason for the high levels of inequality in Brazil?

    <p>Size and inequality due to social factors such as wealth distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does convergence theory suggest about the economic development of countries?

    <p>Poorer countries will catch up to wealthier countries over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Four Traps Theory identifies three main factors that can hinder a country's economic growth.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one trap identified in the Four Traps Theory that affects countries struggling with poverty.

    <p>Conflict trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural resource wealth can lead to the ______ trap if a country relies on it too heavily.

    <p>Natural Resource</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the traps from the Four Traps Theory to their descriptions:

    <p>Conflict Trap = Disrupted economic activities due to civil unrest Natural Resource Trap = Over-reliance on resources leading to corruption Landlocked Trap = Challenges in trade due to lack of sea access Bad Governance Trap = Ineffective leadership hindering economic progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains the inequality among countries according to historical factors?

    <p>World Systems Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A landlocked country has easier access to global trade compared to coastal countries.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outcome of the bad governance trap as described in the Four Traps Theory?

    <p>Corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes life-course risks?

    <p>Risks associated with different stages of life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Class risks are independent of socioeconomic status.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are intergenerational risks?

    <p>Transmission of social risks due to inheritance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Welfare is about meeting basic needs such as food, _____, and other essentials.

    <p>shelter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of welfare system is characterized by unequal coverage of risks?

    <p>Residual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social indicators measure economic performance of a country.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key aspect of welfare according to the content?

    <p>Having a guaranteed minimum income to avoid poverty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the Chinese cars entering the European market?

    <p>Disturbance in the car market leading to tariffs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following welfare definitions with their descriptions:

    <p>Universalistic = Provides broad coverage for all citizens Residual = Offers minimal safety net for the least fortunate Corporativist = Relies on occupational structures for support Social Inclusion = Sense of belonging in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The socio-economic left-right cleavage refers to deep divisions based solely on geographical location.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the four cleavages distinguished in the content.

    <p>Centre-periphery cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lipset and Rokkan, a cleavage can be defined as a deep and lasting division between groups based on some kind of ______.

    <p>conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cleavages with their definitions:

    <p>Centre-periphery cleavage = Conflict between centralized authorities and regional entities Religious cleavage = Division based on different religious beliefs Urban-rural cleavage = Conflict between urban and rural interests Labour-capital cleavage = Tension between workers and employers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major structural element of a cleavage?

    <p>Class position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organizational element of a cleavage involves individual representations rather than collective action.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of cleavage is generated by large-scale historical processes like industrialization?

    <p>Urban-rural cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • This document does not provide a singular topic or subject matter
    • It is a collection of pages from a book and or lecture notes on globalization, the welfare state, and social risks, covering topics such as definitions, historical context, measurements, and consequences for different nations.

    Lecture 1: Social Risks

    • Risk: The probability of a dangerous event, multiplied by the expected damage.
    • Social risks: Risks produced by systems, not individual failures, requiring collective responses.
    • Examples: Unemployment, sickness, disability, and old age.
    • Socioeconomic factors: Key aspects of social risk; influenced by circumstance.
      • High risk, low vulnerability (e.g., Elon Musk)
      • Low risk, high vulnerability (e.g., Single mothers)

    Lecture 2: Globalization: Defining and Measuring

    • Globalization: A process involving increasing cross-border flows of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture, leading to greater interdependence among global units.
    • De facto globalization: Measures actual flows and activities (e.g., trade, migration).
    • De jure globalization: Represents institutions, policies, and arrangements that enable or restrict flows (e.g., trade tariffs)

    Lecture 3: Global Poverty and Inequality

    • The Washington Consensus: Belief in unimpeded free markets driving economic growth.
    • Neoliberalism: Encourages privatization & free trade while opposing state intervention.
    • Globalization and the distribution of wealth: Globalization has reduced extreme poverty globally but has also led to greater disparities in national wealth and income distribution within countries.
    • Trickle-down theory: Aims to boost the economy by reducing taxes on the wealthy.

    Lecture 4: Globalization and the Welfare State

    • Welfare state: A system of social risk management (through insurance & assistance programs) designed to protect citizens from risks of poverty, illness, unemployment, sickness etc. (e.g., universal healthcare, pensions).
    • Globalization and Labor Market Flexibility: Globalization impacts labor markets through changes in flexibility (hiring/firing). This leads to concerns about job security, earnings, and welfare benefits.
    • Impact on the welfare state: Globalization is impacting the welfare state, which may lead to more flexible systems but also to concerns of welfare systems (e.g., financialization of the global economy, leading to financial crisis; or increase in unemployment, and other social risks).

    Lecture 5: The Politicization of Globalization

    • Politicization of globalization: Globalization is a contested and politicized process.
    • Welfare chauvinism: The idea that welfare benefits should be restricted to citizens of the same nationality.
    • Globalization and migration: The increasing movement of people across borders has increased socio-political tensions related to competition for jobs, services and welfare benefits.

    Additional Topics and Concepts

    • Gini coefficient: A measure of income inequality.
    • Kuznets Curve: A theory illustrating the relationship between economic growth and income inequality (inequality initially increases but later decreases over time).
    • World Systems Theory: A framework that analyzes the global economy as a hierarchy dividing it into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery, impacting economic inequality, based on dependency relationships.
    • Four Traps Theory: A model explaining persistent poverty in certain nations highlighting the impact of certain types of conflicts, resources, and governance.
    • Global Inequality: Data/statistical analysis illustrating disparity in income and wealth distribution globally.

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    Social Risks: From Risks to Social Risks; From Old to New - PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores various aspects of welfare systems, including market failures and their implications. It also delves into the different types of organizations providing welfare support beyond government entities. Participants will match concepts with their definitions and examine income distribution equality across regions.

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