Appetite Week 11

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Questions and Answers

What is the best predictor of long-term weight loss according to the text?

Regular exercise

What is the suggested 'dose' of exercise by CDC and the US Surgeon General?

30 mins of moderately intense physical exercise per day

How is moderate intensity exercise defined?

Exercise that raises your heart rate (HR) to 55-69% of your maximal HR

What is the recommended duration of exercise suggested by the Institute of Medicine and the International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO)?

60 mins of moderately intense physical exercise per day Signup and view all the answers

What is the target heart rate for moderate intensity exercise?

110-138 beats/min Signup and view all the answers

What is VO2 a measure of?

How efficient the body is at getting oxygen to the muscles Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults do not meet CDC guidelines for exercise?

70-75% Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of behavior therapy in obesity intervention?

Identifying the behavioral factors promoting problem behaviors and preventing uptake of healthy behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of self-monitoring in behavior therapy?

Reveal hidden patterns that the person is unaware of Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of behavior therapy in association with dieting?

More weight is lost and compliance is better in the short term Signup and view all the answers

What is the major advantage of medication for obesity treatment?

It is far less reliant upon self-control Signup and view all the answers

What is the criterion for medication to be classed as effective?

Reduce weight by more than 5% (FDA) or 10% (EMA) relative to placebo Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with the approval of weight-loss drugs?

Approval depends upon making the placebo control condition as ineffective as possible Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main approaches for weight-loss medication?

Centrally acting drugs and peripherally acting drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for medication to be considered effective according to FDA/EMA?

Reduce weight by more than 5% (FDA) or 10% (EMA) relative to placebo Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight loss efficacy at 1 year for Phentermine and topiramate together?

9% Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight loss at 1 year for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass?

50-60% of initial body weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight loss efficacy at 1 year for Orlistat?

3% Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight loss at 1 year for gastric banding and vertical sleeve gastrectomy?

30-40% of initial body weight Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of men and women consistently try to lose weight?

60-70% Signup and view all the answers

Which gender experiences more dissatisfaction with their weight, stomach, legs, and breasts?

Women Signup and view all the answers

In which groups is body dissatisfaction more common?

Westernized nations and higher SES groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight loss efficacy at 1 year for centrally acting drugs like Phentermine?

5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight loss efficacy at 1 year for gastric banding and vertical sleeve gastrectomy?

30-40% of initial body weight Signup and view all the answers

What type of measures can be used to assess perceptions of body image?

Projection measures, computerized morphing measures, and questionnaires Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight loss at 1 year for surgical treatments like gastric banding and vertical sleeve gastrectomy?

40-50% of initial body weight Signup and view all the answers

What does the evidence strongly suggest about body dissatisfaction in men?

Focusing on muscularity Signup and view all the answers

What historical examples demonstrate how societal ideals have shaped the human body?

The use of corsets in Victorian times Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of exposure to images promoting thinness?

Increased body dissatisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the genesis of modern mass dieting in women linked to?

The advent of the women's movement and freedom from the bra Signup and view all the answers

What does body dissatisfaction often lead to?

Dieting Signup and view all the answers

What does the restrained eating concept explain?

Why dieting may lead to weight gain in some cases Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of restrained eating on food intake?

Not always replicable Signup and view all the answers

What is a more desirable goal than battling against one's physiology?

Acceptance of a healthy body size, irrespective of societal norms Signup and view all the answers

What does the lecture discuss regarding the socio-psychobiology of starvation?

Demographics, famine, physiological and psychological effects, and lifespan extension Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world population is malnourished?

Roughly 1 billion out of 7.6 billion Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of severe malnourishment in the total population?

0.5-20% Signup and view all the answers

What do non-dieters do in response to a high-calorie preload?

Consume more after the preload Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of dieting on weight gain according to the text?

Dieting may lead to weight gain in some cases Signup and view all the answers

What long-term psychological effect has been observed in concentration camp survivors?

Increased likelihood of binge eating Signup and view all the answers

What did the study of holocaust survivors' attitudes to food reveal?

Extreme reactions to throwing out food Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by McCay and Crowell demonstrate about rats fed a reduced caloric diet?

They lived twice as long as control rats Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Hormesis (‘excitation’) hypothesis' regarding food deprivation and longevity?

Low-intensity biological stress slows metabolism and ageing Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of food deprivation on longevity in Rhesus monkeys?

Semi-starvation diets do not result in extended lifespan Signup and view all the answers

What is the current understanding of how food deprivation extends lifespan?

Not understood Signup and view all the answers

What is the conclusion regarding malnourishment and its impact?

It is a considerable problem and causes many preventable premature deaths Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of food deprivation on the socio-psychobiology of starvation?

It shares something in common with what is known about dieting Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested impact of restrained eating on food intake?

It may lead to increased food intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested impact of exposure to images promoting thinness?

It may lead to body dissatisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of adults who do not meet CDC guidelines for exercise?

80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of the world population that is malnourished?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What are the two forms of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in children?

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of PEM sufferers are affected by lower IQ and attention problems as a long-term effect?

50% Signup and view all the answers

What are the physiological effects of severe malnourishment in adults?

Loss of body mass and increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What were the psychological effects of starvation observed in the landmark US study in the 1940s?

Apathy, depression, food preoccupation, and changes in social interaction Signup and view all the answers

What was a major psychological finding during the starvation period in the landmark US study?

Food preoccupation Signup and view all the answers

What were the changes in social interactions observed during the landmark US study's semi-starvation period?

Somber, serious, and ego-centric Signup and view all the answers

What were the profound psychological effects of refeeding observed in the landmark US study?

Abandoning table manners and expressing attitudes at odds with earlier behavior Signup and view all the answers

Who described the psychological aspects of starvation as causing a shift in focus from concern for others to a preoccupation with personal hunger?

Samuel Legg Signup and view all the answers

What are the long-term effects of severe maternal malnutrition on the fetus?

Spontaneous abortion and irreversible effects on brain development Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of Marasmus and Kwashiorkor in children?

Extreme underweight and edema Signup and view all the answers

What were the observed physiological effects during the 6 months of semi-starvation in the landmark US study?

30% decrease in strength, 40% drop in basal metabolic rate, and significant weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physiological effect of severe malnourishment in adults?

Loss of body mass and lowered heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Weight Loss Strategies and Body Dissatisfaction

Centrally acting drugs like Phentermine have been used for over 50 years and are the most widely prescribed weight loss drugs, showing around 5% efficacy at 1 year.
Phentermine and topiramate together produce greater weight loss than either alone, around 9% at 1 year.
Orlistat blocks pancreatic lipase, resulting in around 3-5% weight loss at 1 year, with high drop-out rates due to side effects.
Surgical treatments like gastric banding and vertical sleeve gastrectomy show weight loss of 30-50% of initial body weight at 1 year, with low morbidity and reversible effects.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass leads to patients losing 50-60% of their initial body weight at 1 year and requires continuous medical supervision.
A majority of men and women wish to lose weight, with around 60-70% consistently trying to do so.
Body image dissatisfaction is a major factor driving weight loss, taking the forms of distorted body image, discrepancy from an ideal, and negative appraisal of one's body.
Body dissatisfaction is prevalent in both women and men, with women being more dissatisfied with their weight, stomach, legs, and breasts.
Body dissatisfaction is more common in Westernized nations, higher SES groups, and increases in migrants as they acculturate.
Women typically experience body dissatisfaction from a young age and throughout their lives.
Various measures like projection measures, computerized morphing measures, and questionnaires can be used to assess perceptions of body image.
Evidence strongly suggests increasing body dissatisfaction, especially focusing on muscularity, in men.

The Impact of Societal Norms on Body Image and Eating Behaviors

Exposure to images promoting thinness can lead to increased body dissatisfaction, suggesting a causal role
Historical examples, such as foot binding in China and the use of corsets in Victorian times, demonstrate how societal ideals have shaped the human body
The 60s saw the advent of the women's movement, freedom from the bra, and the bikini, contributing to the genesis of modern mass dieting in women
Body dissatisfaction often leads to dieting, seen as a conscious attempt to control body size and food intake
The restrained eating concept explains why dieting may lead to weight gain in some cases
Non-dieters compensate their food intake, while dieters show the reverse pattern, consuming more after a high-calorie preload
The effect of restrained eating is not always replicable, possibly due to measurement of restraint among other factors
Acceptance of a healthy body size, irrespective of societal norms, is a more desirable goal than battling against one's physiology
The lecture discusses the socio-psychobiology of starvation, covering demographics, famine, physiological and psychological effects, and lifespan extension
Roughly 1 billion people out of a world population of 7.6 billion are malnourished, with severe malnourishment covering 0.5-20% of the total population

Effects of Malnutrition on Different Age Groups

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor are two forms of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in children, leading to extreme underweight and edema, respectively
Long-term effects of PEM include lower IQ and attention problems, affecting 50% of PEM sufferers
Severe maternal malnutrition can result in spontaneous abortion and irreversible effects on the fetus's brain development
Severe malnourishment in adults leads to physiological effects such as impotence, loss of body mass, lowered heart rate, and immune impairment
A landmark US study in the 1940s observed the physiological and psychological effects of malnourishment in men
The study involved a 3-month baseline period, 6 months of semi-starvation, and 3 months of refeeding
During the semi-starvation period, participants experienced a 30% decrease in strength, 40% drop in basal metabolic rate, and significant weight loss
Psychological effects of starvation included apathy, depression, food preoccupation, and changes in social interaction
Food preoccupation was a major psychological finding, leading to possessiveness about food and extensive gum chewing
Social interactions during the study became somber, serious, and ego-centric
Refeeding had profound psychological effects, with participants abandoning table manners and expressing attitudes at odds with their earlier behavior
Participant Samuel Legg described the psychological aspects of starvation as causing a shift in focus from concern for others to a preoccupation with personal hunger

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