Week 6: Alcohol and Other Drugs

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Questions and Answers

What is a key concept in understanding drug use disorders?

Range of risk and protective factors from multiple levels (correct)

Only individual level factors are influential

Only societal context is the determining factor

Single cause is the main predictor

What is the function of risk factors in drug use?

Mediate protective factors

Directly cause addiction

Predict and protect against drug use

Predict initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life (correct)

What is resilience in the context of addiction?

Risk of developing an addiction

Ability to be well adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment (correct)

Trait of being easily influenced by peers

Genetic predisposition to addiction

What is the current trend in tobacco use in Australia?

Never smoked has increased, smoked previously has increased, and smoke daily has decreased Signup and view all the answers

How often does someone die from an overdose in Australia?

Every 4 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death for Australians in their thirties?

Overdose Signup and view all the answers

What has increased ten-fold over the last two decades?

Unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants Signup and view all the answers

What is the proportion of unintentional overdose deaths among Australians aged 40 and above?

Over two-thirds Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Id' responsible for in the psyche?

Instinctual needs and desires Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Fixation' in the context of Freudian psychotherapy?

Being stuck at a particular psychosexual stage of development Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the 'Recovery Process'?

To regain control over impulsive lower brain functions Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Cognitive-Behavioural' therapy based on?

The belief that thoughts and behaviours can be unlearned Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment' characterized by?

Fear of rejection and avoidance of intimacy Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Behavoural Disinhibition'?

The tendency to act impulsively without considering consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)'?

A therapy emphasizing mindfulness and acceptance strategies Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Superego' responsible for?

Internalizing societal and parental standards Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to be well adjusted in adverse environments?

Resilience Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a predictor of later drug abuse?

Year 5 academic failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of drug kinetics and dynamics?

Pharmacology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a macro-environmental factor that influences substance use?

Societal and cultural influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the factors that increase the likelihood of drug use disorders?

Risk factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a personality trait associated with increased risk of drug abuse?

Sensation-seeking traits Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the positive relationships with adults that minimize boredom and enhance intelligence?

Pro-social contact Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strategy for preventing drug use onset and reducing associated harm?

Resilience building Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the factors that decrease the likelihood of drug use disorders?

Protective factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of program that provides support for classroom education and family-based interventions?

Adolescent Interventions Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population will experience a mental health disorder in their lifetime, according to the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2020-2022)?

42.9% Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common mental health disorder experienced in the prior 12 months, according to the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2020-2022)?

Anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals aged 16-24 experienced a mental health disorder in the prior 12 months, according to the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2020-2022)?

38.8% Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between having a mental health disorder and substance use issues?

You are likely to have one if you have the other Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of dual diagnosis, according to Prof John McGrath QBI?

The risk of getting a second comorbid disorder is related to your age of onset Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of dual diagnosis in females with alcohol use disorder in A&D settings?

48% Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of alcohol dependence to affective disorder?

4.5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of cannabis dependence to anxiety disorder?

4.3 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders who may not benefit from standard interventions?

Poorer treatment response and outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following models describes the relationship between mental health and substance use disorders as a bi-directional one?

Bi-directional model Signup and view all the answers

According to the case example of Bill, which of the following factors may have contributed to his risk of developing both mental health and substance use disorders?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following relationships between mental health and substance use disorders suggests that substance use contributes to or worsens an underlying mental health problem?

Substance-induced model Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible explanation for Bill's anxiety symptoms and alcohol use?

Both a and b Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following models describes the relationship between mental health and substance use disorders as independent, but with shared risk factors?

Independent model Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome of the complex relationship between mental health and substance use disorders?

Worsening clinical picture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible explanation for Bill's depression and sleep disturbances?

Depression leads to sleep disturbances, and Benzodiazepine abuse exacerbates the depression Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drug Use Disorders and Risk Factors

Drug use disorders do not have a single cause, but are influenced by a range of risk and protective factors from individual, familial, and societal contexts.
Risk factors predict the initiation of drug use and the risk of problems later in life, while protective factors decrease the chances of addiction and mediate or moderate risk factors.
Resilience is a key protective factor, which is the ability to be well-adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment.

Trends in Drug Use

In Australia, someone dies from an overdose every four hours, and non-fatal overdoses occur at around 30 times this frequency.
Overdose is a leading cause of death for Australians of all ages, and is the second- and third-leading cause of death for those in their thirties and twenties, respectively.
Stimulant overdose is becoming more common, with the total number of unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants increasing ten-fold over the last two decades.

Key Terms and Concepts

Drug use disorders: Do not have an immediate or single cause
Risk factors: Predict initiation to drug use and problems later in life
Protective factors: Mediate or moderate risk factors
Resilience: Ability to be well-adjusted in adverse environments
Pharmacology: Study of drug kinetics and dynamics
Determinants: Factors influencing the likelihood of drug use disorder
Social disadvantage: Linked to higher drug use in low SES areas

Factors Influencing Drug Use

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Increase the risk of problems later in life
Genetic factors: Include metabolism variations and personality traits
Ethnicity: Can be protective or a risk factor based on context
Family factors: Influence risk levels through harmony or conflict
Parental role modeling: Less influential than the quality of relationships
Academic failure: Contributes to and results from drug use, impacting self-perception
Peer factors: Strong predictor of later drug abuse beyond just peer pressure
Macro-Environmental factors: Societal and cultural influences on substance use

Prevention and Intervention Strategies

Prevention: Measures to prevent drug use onset and reduce associated harm
Resilience building: Enhancing protective factors to prevent substance abuse
Adolescent interventions: Support for classroom education and family-based programs
Alcopops tax: Targeted measure to deter young people from alcohol culture
Binge drinking campaign: Efforts to reduce excessive alcohol consumption
Evaluation of prevention strategies: Assessing the effectiveness of community and family support interventions

Dual Diagnosis

Dual diagnosis: Co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders
Incidence of dual diagnosis (DD) ranges from 30-90%, varying based on diagnostic criteria and settings
Higher prevalence in A&D settings, treatment settings, and among Indigenous Australians
In A&D settings, females with alcohol use disorder are more likely to have other mental disorders compared to males

Relationship between Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders

Use of substances contributes to or worsens an underlying mental health problem
Substance use and abuse are primarily caused by mental health issues
Mental health diseases and drug abuse disorders grow and encourage each other (Bi-directional Model)
Mental health and substance use disorders develop independently but have shared risk factors such as trauma and adversity

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Description

Understand the key concepts of drug use disorders, including risk and protective factors that influence initiation and addiction. Explore the individual, familial, and societal context of drug use.