42 Questions
What is a key concept in understanding drug use disorders?
Range of risk and protective factors from multiple levels
What is the function of risk factors in drug use?
Predict initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life
What is resilience in the context of addiction?
Ability to be well adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment
What is the current trend in tobacco use in Australia?
Never smoked has increased, smoked previously has increased, and smoke daily has decreased
How often does someone die from an overdose in Australia?
Every 4 hours
What is the leading cause of death for Australians in their thirties?
Overdose
What has increased ten-fold over the last two decades?
Unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants
What is the proportion of unintentional overdose deaths among Australians aged 40 and above?
Over two-thirds
What is the 'Id' responsible for in the psyche?
Instinctual needs and desires
What is 'Fixation' in the context of Freudian psychotherapy?
Being stuck at a particular psychosexual stage of development
What is the primary goal of the 'Recovery Process'?
To regain control over impulsive lower brain functions
What is 'Cognitive-Behavioural' therapy based on?
The belief that thoughts and behaviours can be unlearned
What is 'Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment' characterized by?
Fear of rejection and avoidance of intimacy
What is 'Behavoural Disinhibition'?
The tendency to act impulsively without considering consequences
What is 'Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)'?
A therapy emphasizing mindfulness and acceptance strategies
What is the 'Superego' responsible for?
Internalizing societal and parental standards
What is the term for the ability to be well adjusted in adverse environments?
Resilience
Which of the following is a predictor of later drug abuse?
Year 5 academic failure
What is the term for the study of drug kinetics and dynamics?
Pharmacology
Which of the following is a macro-environmental factor that influences substance use?
Societal and cultural influences
What is the term for the factors that increase the likelihood of drug use disorders?
Risk factors
Which of the following is a personality trait associated with increased risk of drug abuse?
Sensation-seeking traits
What is the term for the positive relationships with adults that minimize boredom and enhance intelligence?
Pro-social contact
Which of the following is a strategy for preventing drug use onset and reducing associated harm?
Resilience building
What is the term for the factors that decrease the likelihood of drug use disorders?
Protective factors
Which of the following is a type of program that provides support for classroom education and family-based interventions?
Adolescent Interventions
What percentage of the population will experience a mental health disorder in their lifetime, according to the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2020-2022)?
42.9%
What is the most common mental health disorder experienced in the prior 12 months, according to the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2020-2022)?
Anxiety
What percentage of individuals aged 16-24 experienced a mental health disorder in the prior 12 months, according to the National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2020-2022)?
38.8%
What is the relationship between having a mental health disorder and substance use issues?
You are likely to have one if you have the other
What is a characteristic of dual diagnosis, according to Prof John McGrath QBI?
The risk of getting a second comorbid disorder is related to your age of onset
What is the prevalence of dual diagnosis in females with alcohol use disorder in A&D settings?
48%
What is the ratio of alcohol dependence to affective disorder?
4.5
What is the ratio of cannabis dependence to anxiety disorder?
4.3
What is a common outcome for individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders who may not benefit from standard interventions?
Poorer treatment response and outcomes
Which of the following models describes the relationship between mental health and substance use disorders as a bi-directional one?
Bi-directional model
According to the case example of Bill, which of the following factors may have contributed to his risk of developing both mental health and substance use disorders?
All of the above
Which of the following relationships between mental health and substance use disorders suggests that substance use contributes to or worsens an underlying mental health problem?
Substance-induced model
What is a possible explanation for Bill's anxiety symptoms and alcohol use?
Both a and b
Which of the following models describes the relationship between mental health and substance use disorders as independent, but with shared risk factors?
Independent model
What is a possible outcome of the complex relationship between mental health and substance use disorders?
Worsening clinical picture
Which of the following is a possible explanation for Bill's depression and sleep disturbances?
Depression leads to sleep disturbances, and Benzodiazepine abuse exacerbates the depression
Study Notes
Drug Use Disorders and Risk Factors
- Drug use disorders do not have a single cause, but are influenced by a range of risk and protective factors from individual, familial, and societal contexts.
- Risk factors predict the initiation of drug use and the risk of problems later in life, while protective factors decrease the chances of addiction and mediate or moderate risk factors.
- Resilience is a key protective factor, which is the ability to be well-adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment.
Trends in Drug Use
- In Australia, someone dies from an overdose every four hours, and non-fatal overdoses occur at around 30 times this frequency.
- Overdose is a leading cause of death for Australians of all ages, and is the second- and third-leading cause of death for those in their thirties and twenties, respectively.
- Stimulant overdose is becoming more common, with the total number of unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants increasing ten-fold over the last two decades.
Key Terms and Concepts
- Drug use disorders: Do not have an immediate or single cause
- Risk factors: Predict initiation to drug use and problems later in life
- Protective factors: Mediate or moderate risk factors
- Resilience: Ability to be well-adjusted in adverse environments
- Pharmacology: Study of drug kinetics and dynamics
- Determinants: Factors influencing the likelihood of drug use disorder
- Social disadvantage: Linked to higher drug use in low SES areas
Factors Influencing Drug Use
- Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Increase the risk of problems later in life
- Genetic factors: Include metabolism variations and personality traits
- Ethnicity: Can be protective or a risk factor based on context
- Family factors: Influence risk levels through harmony or conflict
- Parental role modeling: Less influential than the quality of relationships
- Academic failure: Contributes to and results from drug use, impacting self-perception
- Peer factors: Strong predictor of later drug abuse beyond just peer pressure
- Macro-Environmental factors: Societal and cultural influences on substance use
Prevention and Intervention Strategies
- Prevention: Measures to prevent drug use onset and reduce associated harm
- Resilience building: Enhancing protective factors to prevent substance abuse
- Adolescent interventions: Support for classroom education and family-based programs
- Alcopops tax: Targeted measure to deter young people from alcohol culture
- Binge drinking campaign: Efforts to reduce excessive alcohol consumption
- Evaluation of prevention strategies: Assessing the effectiveness of community and family support interventions
Dual Diagnosis
- Dual diagnosis: Co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders
- Incidence of dual diagnosis (DD) ranges from 30-90%, varying based on diagnostic criteria and settings
- Higher prevalence in A&D settings, treatment settings, and among Indigenous Australians
- In A&D settings, females with alcohol use disorder are more likely to have other mental disorders compared to males
Relationship between Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
- Use of substances contributes to or worsens an underlying mental health problem
- Substance use and abuse are primarily caused by mental health issues
- Mental health diseases and drug abuse disorders grow and encourage each other (Bi-directional Model)
- Mental health and substance use disorders develop independently but have shared risk factors such as trauma and adversity
Understand the key concepts of drug use disorders, including risk and protective factors that influence initiation and addiction. Explore the individual, familial, and societal context of drug use.
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