Drugs and Society Chapters 1-6 Quiz

Questions and Answers

According to Chapter 1, the principal social psychological factor in determining the presence of an individual's drug abuse is __________.

motivation

According to Erich Goode, ___________ refers to using licit drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine to achieve a certain mental or psychic state.

legal recreational

Advertising over-the-counter drugs relays the message that if you are experiencing some symptoms, taking drugs is an acceptable option.

True

A variety of data sources suggest that drug use and abuse is quite common amongst arrestees, being under the influence at the time of arrest and/or drugs as an influential factor is crime commission.

True Signup and view all the answers

The use of _______ drugs causes far more deaths, sickness, violent crimes, economic loss, and other social problems than the use of all other drugs combined.

licit Signup and view all the answers

Cultural factors account for how drug use behavior develops from the physical surroundings in which the drug is taken.

False Signup and view all the answers

Drugs prescribed by a physician to prevent or treat symptoms are generally referred to as __________.

medicines Signup and view all the answers

__________ drugs refer to types of drugs that lead to the use of other more addictive types of drugs.

gateway Signup and view all the answers

Employees who engage in drug use are more likely to be absent from their job.

True Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to the past, today's drug addiction mainly refers to __________.

physical and psychological dependence Signup and view all the answers

According to Becker, individuals come to experience the effects and pleasures of a drug through __________.

learned expectations and motivations from peers Signup and view all the answers

According to control theory, individuals with weak bonds to conventional activity are more likely to engage in drug use.

True Signup and view all the answers

Addiction can be described as a complex disease.

True Signup and view all the answers

Adolescents from divorced parents are more likely to use drugs than children from intact families that are not divorced.

True Signup and view all the answers

All the major biological explanations related to drug abuse assume that these substances exert their __________ effects by altering brain chemistry or neuronal activity.

psychoactive Signup and view all the answers

Character traits that often lead to drug abuse such as insecurity and vulnerability may be genetically determined.

True Signup and view all the answers

__________ deviance is inconsequential deviance, which occurs without having a lasting impression on the perpetrator.

Primary Signup and view all the answers

Explanations of addiction in terms of genetics, brain dysfunction, and biochemical patterns are termed __________.

genetic and biophysiological theories Signup and view all the answers

Immaturity, maladjustment, or insecurity usually occur after the use of marijuana has become habitual.

False Signup and view all the answers

__________ in 10 drug users work full time.

Seven Signup and view all the answers

__________ attempts to decrease individuals' tendency to use drugs with an emphasis on reformulating values and behaviors.

Demand reduction strategy Signup and view all the answers

Category II OTC products are not generally recognized as safe and effective, or have unacceptable indications.

True Signup and view all the answers

Decreasing the amount of drugs that are carried across U.S. borders is an example of __________.

interdiction Signup and view all the answers

__________ drugs have high abuse potential and are not approved in the United States for medical purposes.

Schedule I Signup and view all the answers

Penalties for illegal use of a controlled substance vary according to the agent's schedule.

True Signup and view all the answers

Phase I clinical trials generally involve healthy people and are designed to establish efficacy of a given drug.

False Signup and view all the answers

The __________ divided substances with abuse potential into categories based on the degree of their abuse potential and their clinical usefulness.

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act Signup and view all the answers

The Kefauver-Harris Amendment required drug companies to prove their new medications were safe but not necessarily effective before they could be marketed.

True Signup and view all the answers

Use of methadone prevents the cravings and severe withdrawal routinely associated with breaking the heroin habit.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists steps of drug development in the correct chronological order?

preclinical development, requesting an IND, filing an NDA Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many neurons are in the brain?

100 billion Signup and view all the answers

__________ are chemical messengers released by neurons.

Neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Drugs that affect the neurotransmitter dopamine usually alter both mental state and motor activity.

True Signup and view all the answers

__________ is the maintenance of internal stability.

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

An important advantage of administering drugs intravenously is the speed of action.

True Signup and view all the answers

Basic kinds of side effects of drug use can include __________.

All of the above = nausea, changes in mental alertness, dependence Signup and view all the answers

Chemical alteration of drugs by body processes is called __________.

metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Drugs administered using which of the following methods can enter the blood almost as quickly as intravenous injection?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

Drug tolerance causes an increased response to a given dose of a drug.

False Signup and view all the answers

Most drugs are distributed throughout the body in the blood.

True Signup and view all the answers

A CNS depressant can __________.

All of the above = relieve anxiety, be used as a sleep aid, cause severe physical dependence Signup and view all the answers

All sedative-hypnotics can produce severe physical dependence.

True Signup and view all the answers

Barbiturates are __________ valium-like benzodiazepines.

more dangerous than Signup and view all the answers

Benzodiazepines are classified in which of the following Schedules?

IV Signup and view all the answers

Benzodiazepines are frequently used clinically to __________.

All of the above = aid in withdrawal from alcohol, treat seizures, preanesthetize a patient Signup and view all the answers

Drugs often used to relieve symptoms of allergies and motion sickness are called __________.

antihistamines Signup and view all the answers

For most of the 1970s, __________ was the top-selling prescription drug.

Valium Signup and view all the answers

If a barbiturate is combined with another CNS depressant, what likely would be the consequence?

the effect would be enhanced Signup and view all the answers

In high doses, some CNS depressants can cause anesthesia.

True Signup and view all the answers

Many individuals who are dependent on depressants acquire them by prescription.

True Signup and view all the answers

People on the inside; those who approve of/or use drugs are referred to as __________.

insiders Signup and view all the answers

People on the outside; who do not approve of and/or use drugs are referred to as __________.

outsiders Signup and view all the answers

Drug compounds that affect the central nervous system and alter consciousness and or/perceptions are called __________.

psychoactive drugs (substances) Signup and view all the answers

Part of the nervous system composed of the spinal cord and brain that is responsible for integrating sensory information and responding accordingly is known as __________.

Central Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Addiction generally refers to the psychological attachment to a drug or drugs; ______ to harder drugs such as heroin results in both psychological and physical attachment to the chemical properties.

addiction Signup and view all the answers

When a drug is absent from a body and physical symptoms are generally present in cases of drug dependence to more addictive drugs such as heroin, these are referred to as __________ symptoms.

withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

Any substances that modify (either by enhancing, inhibiting, or distorting) mind and/or body functioning are called __________.

drugs Signup and view all the answers

Legalized drugs such as coffee, alcohol, and tobacco are referred to as __________ drugs.

licit Signup and view all the answers

Illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and LSD are referred to as __________ drugs.

illicit Signup and view all the answers

Legalized drugs sold without a prescription are referred to as __________ drugs.

Over-the-counter OTC Signup and view all the answers

Drugs derived from opium are known as __________.

opioids Signup and view all the answers

A type of illicit drug known as ecstasy or Adam and having stimulant and hallucinogenic properties is __________.

MDMA Signup and view all the answers

Extremely potent cannabis product with approx 80% THC levels made by using butane to extract the THC, producing a waxy residue is known as __________.

marijuana wax Signup and view all the answers

New drugs that are developed by people intending to circumvent the illegality of a drug by modifying a drug into a new compound for example Ecstasy are known as __________.

designer drugs/synthetic drugs Signup and view all the answers

A new molecular species created by modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound; structural analogs are structurally related to the parent compound is known as __________.

structural analogs Signup and view all the answers

Refers to the use of drugs, stressing that drug use cuts across all members of society regardless of income, education, occupation, social class, or age is termed __________.

equal-opportunity affliction Signup and view all the answers

The first category of drug users, typified as being in the initial stages of drug use; these people often use drugs for recreational purposes are known as __________.

experimenters Signup and view all the answers

The second category of drug users, typified by an insatiable attraction followed by a psychological dependence on drugs are known as __________.

compulsive users Signup and view all the answers

The third category of drug users; these users vacillate between the need for pleasure seeking and the desire to relieve moderate to serious psychological problems are termed __________.

floaters or chippers Signup and view all the answers

The principal federal agency responsible for enforcing U.S. drug laws is the __________.

DEA Signup and view all the answers

Satisfaction derived from escaping negative feelings by using the drug is referred to as __________.

relief phase Signup and view all the answers

Taking increasing quantities of the drug is known as __________.

increased use phase Signup and view all the answers

Constant concern with the supply of the drug is referred to as __________.

preoccupation phase Signup and view all the answers

A synonym for addiction is __________.

dependency phase Signup and view all the answers

Physical and/or psychological effects derived from not using the drug are referred to as __________.

withdrawal phase Signup and view all the answers

The principal federal agency responsible for directing research related to drug use and abuse is __________.

NIDA Signup and view all the answers

Publicly funded programs that distribute new, uncontaminated needles to drug addicts in exchange for used injection needles in order to prevent the spread of HIV and Hep B and Hep C are known as __________.

need-exchange programs Signup and view all the answers

Large, highly sophisticated organizations composed of multiple drug trafficking organizations and cells with specific assignments, such as drug transportation, security/enforcement, or money laundering are known as __________.

drug cartels Signup and view all the answers

Are similar to terrorist cells, consisting of only three to five members to ensure operational security; members of adjacent drug cells usually do not know each other or identify their leadership are termed __________.

drug cells Signup and view all the answers

Drug assistance programs for drug-dependent employees are known as __________.

EAD Signup and view all the answers

Oral fluid testing analyses a saliva for drugs of abuse and their metabolites is known as __________.

oral fluids Signup and view all the answers

Sweat is used for drug testing; a skin patch is used to absorb sweat that is analyzed for the presence of cocaine, marijuana, opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and PCP is known as __________.

sweat Signup and view all the answers

Used by clinicians and psychologists for diagnosing mental disorders, combines substance abuse, and substance dependence into a single condition called __________.

substance use disorder Signup and view all the answers

A type of substance-related disorder that involves problems caused by the direct effects of a substance such as intoxication, withdrawal, and other substance/medication-induced mental disorders is termed __________.

substance-induced disorder Signup and view all the answers

The belief that people abuse alcohol because they chose to do so is known as __________.

moral model Signup and view all the answers

The belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biologically caused condition is termed __________.

disease model Signup and view all the answers

The view of chemical dependency as a symptom of problems in the development or operation of the system of needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual is known as __________.

characterological or personality predisposition Signup and view all the answers

Character disorders, includes the antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, schizoid, and others these serious ongoing impairments are termed __________.

personality disorder Signup and view all the answers

Theory of personality and method of psychotherapy originally by Sigmund Freud, focused on unconscious forces and conflicts and a series of psychosexual stages is known as __________.

psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

An adaptation to pain and avoidance of reality, in which the individual withdraws emotionally and further anesthetizes himself or herself by chemical means is known as __________.

"double wall" of encapsulation Signup and view all the answers

Explanations of addiction in terms of genetic brain dysfunction and biochemical patterns are known as __________.

genetic and biophysiological theories Signup and view all the answers

How drug substances alter and affect the brain's mental functions is referred to as __________.

psychoactive effects Signup and view all the answers

A neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulate movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure; it mediates the rewarding aspects of most drug abuse is known as __________.

dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Two or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person; they can occur simultaneously or one after the other; also implies interactions between the illnesses that can worsen the course of both is termed __________.

comorbidity Signup and view all the answers

A method of self-care in which an individual uses non-prescribed drugs to treat untreated and often undiagnosed medical ailments involving his or her psychological condition; self-prescribed drugs can include recreational drugs, psychoactive drugs, alcohol, and or herbal products in order to alleviate or diminish mental distress is known as __________.

self-medication Signup and view all the answers

An individual who is simultaneously manifesting a mental health disorder and addiction to drug use at the same time is known as __________.

dual diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

A theory that places emphasis on how an individual learns patterns of behavior from the attitudes of others, society, and peers is known as __________.

social learning theory Signup and view all the answers

Repeating certain patterns of behavior until they become established or habitual is known as __________.

habituation Signup and view all the answers

A theory assuming that it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus once begun is known as __________.

addiction to pleasure theory Signup and view all the answers

Types of people who characteristically are continually seeking new or novel thrills in their experiences are termed __________.

sensational-seeking individuals Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drug Use and Abuse Concepts

Motivation is a primary social psychological factor influencing an individual's drug abuse tendencies.
Legal recreational drug use involves licit substances like alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine to achieve altered mental states.
Advertising for over-the-counter drugs normalizes drug use in response to symptoms.

Drug Use and Crime

Drug use is prevalent among arrestees, often influencing crime commission or present at the time of arrest.
Licit drugs lead to more societal issues compared to all illicit drugs combined.

Cultural and Behavioral Influences

Cultural factors do not solely dictate drug use behaviors; the user environment is significant.
Learned expectations and peer motivations impact an individual’s drug experiences and pleasures.

Understanding Addiction

Today's conception of drug addiction emphasizes both physical and psychological dependence.
Addiction is a complex disease and is influenced by genetic predispositions and character traits like insecurity.

Drug Categories and Classifications

Primary deviance is considered inconsequential and rarely affects the individual long-term.
Drugs that lead to the use of more addictive substances are called gateway drugs.
Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and lack medical approval in the U.S.

Drug Development and Regulation

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act categorizes substances based on abuse potential.
Phase I clinical trials test drugs on healthy participants to establish safety rather than efficacy.

Substance Use Disorders

Substance use disorder combines abuse and dependence into a single mental health diagnosis.
Withdrawal symptoms indicate physical addiction and the body's reaction to the absence of the drug.

Drug Testing and Dependency

Need-exchange programs aim to reduce the spread of diseases in drug users by offering clean needles.
Sweat testing analyzes drugs present in the body through skin patches, while oral fluid tests assess saliva.

Theories of Drug Abuse

Moral models view abuse as a conscious choice, while disease models attribute it to biological conditions.
Social learning theory emphasizes the role of societal and peer influences in drug use.

Addiction Dynamics

The phases of drug addiction include relief, increased use, preoccupation, dependency, and withdrawal.
Compulsive users are characterized by psychological dependence, while experimenters are typically in the initial stages of drug use.

The Role of Neurotransmitters

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter related to movement, emotion, and the pleasure aspects of drug abuse.
Psychoactive drugs affect mental functions by altering neurotransmitter activity within the brain.

Trends and Demographics

Drug use is a societal issue that transcends income, education, and social class.
Drug-dependent individuals often acquire medications through prescriptions, further complicating dependency issues.

Synthetic and Illicit Drugs

Designer drugs and structural analogs are created to evade legal restrictions by modifying existing drugs.
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, is both a stimulant and hallucinogen, highlighting the complexity of drug effects.

Challenges in Treatment and Recovery

Dual diagnosis refers to individuals with simultaneous mental health disorders and substance addiction, complicating treatment efforts.
Comorbidity indicates that interactions between disorders can exacerbate both conditions, requiring integrated treatment approaches.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the first six chapters of 'Drugs and Society'. This quiz covers key terms and concepts, including motivation and legal recreational drug use. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of the material.