Week 5 Neurology and Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

Which class does Mannitol belong to?

  • Antipyretic
  • Diuretic (correct)
  • Neurotonic
  • Antihistamine

What is a primary mechanism of action for Mannitol?

  • Decreases cerebral edema (correct)
  • Stimulates renal vasodilation
  • Inhibits sodium reabsorption
  • Blocks calcium channels

Which of the following is a potential risk associated with Mannitol use?

  • Increased gastrointestinal motility
  • Elevation of intraocular pressure (correct)
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Myopathy

What is a specific indication for using Mannitol?

<p>Cerebral edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Mannitol affect blood vessels?

<p>It dilates both cerebral and ocular blood vessels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Naloxone?

<p>It blocks opioid receptors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication serves as a first-line treatment for seizures?

<p>Sodium Valproate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is known for its rapid onset in reversing opioid overdoses?

<p>Naloxone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant side effect of Carbamazepine?

<p>Aplastic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of GABA agonists in the context of anti-seizure medications?

<p>Decrease neuronal excitability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is primarily a sodium channel blocker?

<p>Phenytoin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used as an adjunctive treatment for pain associated with nerve damage?

<p>Gabapentin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anti-seizure medication has a mechanism that includes blocking voltage-gated sodium channels?

<p>Carbamazepine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is less frequently used due to its sedative effects?

<p>Phenobarbital (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is Gabapentin primarily used to treat?

<p>Nerve pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique property does Sodium Valproate exhibit in comparison to other anti-seizure medications?

<p>It increases GABA levels in the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is classified as a GABA antagonist?

<p>Naloxone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is indicated for treating status epilepticus?

<p>Phenobarbital (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is used to inhibit gastric acid secretion?

<p>Pantoprazole (A), Ranitidine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is an opioid receptor agonist that should not be used as primary treatment for infections?

<p>Loperamide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these medications is primarily used for the management of hepatic encephalopathy?

<p>Lactulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of proton pump inhibitors like Pantoprazole?

<p>Block gastric acid production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is Ranitidine primarily indicated for prevention and treatment?

<p>Heartburn (A), Gastroesophageal reflux (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of poorly managed hyperglycemia?

<p>Long-term nerve damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used as a laxative to soften stool?

<p>Lactulose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class does Famotidine belong to?

<p>H2 receptor antagonists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for Lactulose in treating hepatic encephalopathy?

<p>Absorbs ammonia in the intestines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications can help in treating peptic ulcers?

<p>Pantoprazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key effect of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors?

<p>Decreased gastric acid secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is effective in treating conditions related to duodenal ulcers?

<p>Ranitidine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable side effect of opioid medications, such as those used for diarrhea?

<p>Nausea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major concern when prescribing insulin for diabetes management?

<p>Hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Mannitol?

Mannitol is a type of diuretic medication that works by pulling water from the body's tissues into the bloodstream, leading to increased urine production.

What is Mannitol used to treat?

Mannitol is used to treat cerebral edema, a condition where there's swelling in the brain.

What is a potential side effect of Mannitol?

Mannitol can cause an increase in intraocular pressure, potentially leading to problems with vision.

What does it mean that Mannitol can cross the blood-brain barrier?

Mannitol crosses the blood-brain barrier, meaning it can reach the brain tissue directly.

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Where does Mannitol travel in the body?

Mannitol can move from the bloodstream into the interstitial fluid, which is the fluid surrounding cells.

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Cerebral fluid

A fluid that leaks back into the interstitial space from the cerebral tissues.

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Opioid antagonist

A drug that blocks the effects of opioids by blocking opioid receptors.

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Mu opioid receptor

A type of opioid receptor that is blocked by opioid antagonists.

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Sodium valproate

A drug that is an effective treatment for epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and nerve pain.

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GABA

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a role in anxiety, sleep, and other mental processes.

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GABA agonist

A type of anti-seizure medication that works by enhancing GABA activity.

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First-line anti-seizure medication

A first-line anti-seizure medication that works by blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels.

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GABA antagonist

A type of anti-seizure medication that works by inhibiting GABA neurotransmission.

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Sodium channel modulator

A type of anti-seizure medication that works by blocking sodium channels.

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Barbiturates

A rarely used anti-seizure medication that works by enhancing GABA activity.

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Sodium channel blocker

A type of anti-seizure medication that works by blocking sodium channels.

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Carbamazepine

A long-term treatment option for seizures, nerve pain, and schizophrenia.

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Gabapentin

A potent anti-seizure medication that can be abused and is highly effective for nerve pain.

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Tonic-clonic seizure

A type of seizure that is characterized by stiffening of the muscles followed by rhythmic jerking.

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Anti-seizure medication

A drug that is used to treat seizures and can be used to prevent seizures as well.

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H2 receptor antagonists

H2 receptor antagonists are drugs that block the action of histamine at H2 receptors, which are found in the stomach. They are used to treat conditions like peptic ulcers, heartburn, and dyspepsia.

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Famotidine

Famotidine is a commonly prescribed H2 receptor antagonist. It reduces gastric acid production and is used to treat heartburn, peptic ulcers, and GERD.

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Opioid receptor agonists

Opioid receptor agonists are medications that activate opioid receptors in the gut, slowing down bowel movements. Used for treating diarrhea.

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Loperamide

Loperamide is a common opioid receptor agonist. It reduces intestinal motility and decreases the frequency of bowel movements. It's often used for diarrhea.

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Proton pump inhibitors

Proton pump inhibitors are drugs that block the activity of proton pumps, essential for stomach acid production. This can be useful for treating stomach ulcers and GERD.

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Pantoprazole

Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor commonly used for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and ulcers. It reduces stomach acid production.

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Insulin receptor agonists

Insulin receptor agonists are drugs that stimulate the insulin receptor, leading to an increased uptake of glucose by cells, which is essential for controlling blood sugar.

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Actrapid

Actrapid is a rapid-acting insulin that starts working within 15 minutes and peaks after 1.5-3 hours. It's often used for mealtime insulin.

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Novrapid

Novrapid is a rapid-acting insulin that works quickly and peaks after 1.5-3 hours. Useful for controlling blood sugar after meals.

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Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia refers to a condition where blood glucose levels are abnormally high. It is a characteristic of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

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Short-acting insulin

Short-acting insulin is a type of insulin that works quickly and peaks after 1.5-3 hours. It's usually taken with meals to control blood sugar.

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Lactulose

Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used to treat hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction caused by severe liver disease), by increasing ammonia excretion through the stool.

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Hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition where liver dysfunction leads to brain dysfunction. Symptoms include confusion, lethargy, and coma.

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Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy

The pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy is complex but involves the buildup of toxins (like ammonia) in the blood due to liver dysfunction.

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Ammonia

Ammonia is a toxic substance that builds up in the blood of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. This buildup contributes to brain dysfunction.

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Management of hepatic encephalopathy

Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy involves managing the buildup of ammonia through measures like taking lactulose and avoiding foods high in protein.

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Study Notes

Week 5 Neurology

  • Mannitol (Diuretic):

    • Reduces intracranial pressure (ICP) by altering osmosis.
    • Fluid moves from cerebral tissues into intravascular space.
    • Risk: Can cross blood-brain barrier and into interstitial space. May cause osmotic fluid imbalance.

  • Naloxone (Opioid antagonist):

    • Blocks opioid receptors, preventing opioid effects.
    • Prevents G-protein coupling, inhibiting opioid receptor activity.
    • Used in opioid overdose.
    • Fast onset, short duration, requires repeated dosing.

  • Sodium (Anti-seizure):

    • GABA (receptor) blocks voltage-gated sodium channels.
    • First-line medication for epilepsy treatment.

Week 5/10 Pharmacology

  • Valproate (Anti-seizure):

    • Increases GABA in the brain, reducing seizure spread.
    • Used for epilepsy, mania.
    • Rarely used for sedation.

  • Phenobarbital (Anti-seizure):

    • Increases GABA in the brain, regulating seizure activity.
    • Used for epilepsy, particularly focal seizures.
    • Slows brain activity, used as a sedative sometimes.

  • Phenytoin (Anti-seizure):

    • Regulates sodium channels controlling tonic-clonic seizures.
    • Reduces sodium influx, stabilizing threshold.
    • Used for the management of tonic-clonic seizures.

  • Carbamazepine (Anti-seizure):

    • Decreases nerve impulses that cause seizures.
    • Long-term treatment for managing seizures particularly useful in nerve pain situations.

  • Gabapentin (Anti-seizure):

    • Blocks signals from nerves to the brain.
    • Used for nerve pain and seizure control.

Week 6 Gastrointestinal

  • Ranitidine/Famotidine (Histamine 2 blockers):
    • Inhibit histamine 2 receptors.
    • Reducing gastric acid production.
    • Use to prevent or treat gastric ulcers, heartburn, indigestion, and other symptoms.

Week 5/10 Anti-diarrheal and Proton Pump Inhibitors

  • Loperamide (Anti-diarrheal):

    • Activates opioid receptors in gut wall, slowing gut movements.
    • Reduces secretions, and increases water absorption into the body from stool

  • Pantoprazole (Proton pump inhibitor):

    • Inhibits the production of gastric acid.
    • Reducing stomach acid production.

  • Lactulose (Laxative):

    • Manages ammonia absorption in the colon, preventing encephalopathy.
    • Reabsorbs water out of the stool.

  • Actrapid (Insulin):

    • Lowering blood glucose levels through insulin binding.
    • Short-acting insulin.

Week 5/10 Anti-seizure and Mood Medications

  • Lamotrigine(Anti-seizure):

    • Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels reducing excitatory glutamate release and seizure activity.
    • Used to treat mania, and bipolar disorder with or without epilepsy.

  • Sinemet (Levodopa, Carbidopa, Dopamine Precursor):

    • Levodopa, a metabolic precursor, crosses the blood-brain barrier and converts to dopamine.
    • Carbidopa inhibits peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine.
    • Parkinson's disease treatment

Week 5/10 Insulin and Antidiabetic Agents

  • Novorapid (Insulin):

    • Insulin for Type 1 or 2 diabetes (T1DM & T2DM).
    • Increases glucose uptake in various tissues and inhibits glucose release from the liver.

  • Metformin (Biguanide):

    • Reduces glucose production in the liver.
    • Increases insulin receptor sensitivity in muscle, delaying absorption of glucose.
    • First-line treatment for T2DM

  • Glipizide (Sulfonylurea):

    • Stimulates insulin release from the pancreas to control glucose levels.
    • Acts on pancreatic beta cells.

Week 7 Renal Medication

  • Frusemide (Loop Diuretic):

    • Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle of the kidneys.
    • Used to treat hypertension and edema.

  • Hydrochlorothiazide(Thiazide diuretic):

    • Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, lowering blood pressure.
    • Treats hypertension.

  • Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 Inhibitor):

    • Inhibits glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.
    • Decreases glucose excretion in the urine.
    • Treatment and management of type 2 diabetes.

Week 9 Electrolytes

  • Spironolactone (Potassium sparing diuretic):
    • Reduces sodium reabsorption and loses potassium - helps regulate electrolyte imbalance.
    • Can cause hyperkalemia.
    • Stimulates erythropoietin production and growth factors.

Week 9 Fluids

  • NS 0.9% (Crystalloid):

    • Isotonic to blood.
    • Maintains electrolyte balance and hydration levels.

  • Albumin (Colloid):

    • Increases blood pressure.
    • Fluid resuscitation.

  • 10% / 50% Dextrose (Hypotonic):

    • Lower solute concentration compared to blood.
    • Draws fluids into cells.

Week 10 Fluids

  • 0.45% N/S (Hypertonic):
    • High solute concentration compared to blood; water moves into the blood vessel.
    • Used to treat hyponatremia.

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Clinical Therapeutics Pharmacology Spreadsheet - Week 5-10 Answers PDF

Description

This quiz covers key pharmacological agents used in neurology, focusing on mannitol, naloxone, sodium, valproate, and phenobarbital. Understand the mechanisms of action, applications, and risks associated with these medications. Test your knowledge on how these drugs affect neurological conditions.,

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