Week 5 Neurology and Pharmacology

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Questions and Answers

Which class does Mannitol belong to?

Antipyretic

Diuretic (correct)

Neurotonic

Antihistamine

What is a primary mechanism of action for Mannitol?

Decreases cerebral edema (correct)

Stimulates renal vasodilation

Inhibits sodium reabsorption

Blocks calcium channels

Which of the following is a potential risk associated with Mannitol use?

Increased gastrointestinal motility

Elevation of intraocular pressure (correct)

Hypoglycemia

Myopathy

What is a specific indication for using Mannitol?

Cerebral edema Signup and view all the answers

How does Mannitol affect blood vessels?

It dilates both cerebral and ocular blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Naloxone?

It blocks opioid receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which medication serves as a first-line treatment for seizures?

Sodium Valproate Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is known for its rapid onset in reversing opioid overdoses?

Naloxone Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant side effect of Carbamazepine?

Aplastic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of GABA agonists in the context of anti-seizure medications?

Decrease neuronal excitability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is primarily a sodium channel blocker?

Phenytoin Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used as an adjunctive treatment for pain associated with nerve damage?

Gabapentin Signup and view all the answers

Which anti-seizure medication has a mechanism that includes blocking voltage-gated sodium channels?

Carbamazepine Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is less frequently used due to its sedative effects?

Phenobarbital Signup and view all the answers

What condition is Gabapentin primarily used to treat?

Nerve pain Signup and view all the answers

What unique property does Sodium Valproate exhibit in comparison to other anti-seizure medications?

It increases GABA levels in the brain. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is classified as a GABA antagonist?

Naloxone Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is indicated for treating status epilepticus?

Phenobarbital Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is used to inhibit gastric acid secretion?

Pantoprazole Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is an opioid receptor agonist that should not be used as primary treatment for infections?

Loperamide Signup and view all the answers

Which of these medications is primarily used for the management of hepatic encephalopathy?

Lactulose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of proton pump inhibitors like Pantoprazole?

Block gastric acid production Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is Ranitidine primarily indicated for prevention and treatment?

Heartburn Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of poorly managed hyperglycemia?

Long-term nerve damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used as a laxative to soften stool?

Lactulose Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class does Famotidine belong to?

H2 receptor antagonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for Lactulose in treating hepatic encephalopathy?

Absorbs ammonia in the intestines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications can help in treating peptic ulcers?

Pantoprazole Signup and view all the answers

What is a key effect of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors?

Decreased gastric acid secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is effective in treating conditions related to duodenal ulcers?

Ranitidine Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable side effect of opioid medications, such as those used for diarrhea?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major concern when prescribing insulin for diabetes management?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 5 Neurology

Mannitol (Diuretic):
- Reduces intracranial pressure (ICP) by altering osmosis.
- Fluid moves from cerebral tissues into intravascular space.
- Risk: Can cross blood-brain barrier and into interstitial space. May cause osmotic fluid imbalance.
Naloxone (Opioid antagonist):
- Blocks opioid receptors, preventing opioid effects.
- Prevents G-protein coupling, inhibiting opioid receptor activity.
- Used in opioid overdose.
- Fast onset, short duration, requires repeated dosing.
Sodium (Anti-seizure):
- GABA (receptor) blocks voltage-gated sodium channels.
- First-line medication for epilepsy treatment.

Week 5/10 Pharmacology

Valproate (Anti-seizure):
- Increases GABA in the brain, reducing seizure spread.
- Used for epilepsy, mania.
- Rarely used for sedation.
Phenobarbital (Anti-seizure):
- Increases GABA in the brain, regulating seizure activity.
- Used for epilepsy, particularly focal seizures.
- Slows brain activity, used as a sedative sometimes.
Phenytoin (Anti-seizure):
- Regulates sodium channels controlling tonic-clonic seizures.
- Reduces sodium influx, stabilizing threshold.
- Used for the management of tonic-clonic seizures.
Carbamazepine (Anti-seizure):
- Decreases nerve impulses that cause seizures.
- Long-term treatment for managing seizures particularly useful in nerve pain situations.
Gabapentin (Anti-seizure):
- Blocks signals from nerves to the brain.
- Used for nerve pain and seizure control.

Week 6 Gastrointestinal

Ranitidine/Famotidine (Histamine 2 blockers):
- Inhibit histamine 2 receptors.
- Reducing gastric acid production.
- Use to prevent or treat gastric ulcers, heartburn, indigestion, and other symptoms.

Week 5/10 Anti-diarrheal and Proton Pump Inhibitors

Loperamide (Anti-diarrheal):
- Activates opioid receptors in gut wall, slowing gut movements.
- Reduces secretions, and increases water absorption into the body from stool
Pantoprazole (Proton pump inhibitor):
- Inhibits the production of gastric acid.
- Reducing stomach acid production.
Lactulose (Laxative):
- Manages ammonia absorption in the colon, preventing encephalopathy.
- Reabsorbs water out of the stool.
Actrapid (Insulin):
- Lowering blood glucose levels through insulin binding.
- Short-acting insulin.

Week 5/10 Anti-seizure and Mood Medications

Lamotrigine(Anti-seizure):
- Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels reducing excitatory glutamate release and seizure activity.
- Used to treat mania, and bipolar disorder with or without epilepsy.
Sinemet (Levodopa, Carbidopa, Dopamine Precursor):
- Levodopa, a metabolic precursor, crosses the blood-brain barrier and converts to dopamine.
- Carbidopa inhibits peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine.
- Parkinson's disease treatment

Week 5/10 Insulin and Antidiabetic Agents

Novorapid (Insulin):
- Insulin for Type 1 or 2 diabetes (T1DM & T2DM).
- Increases glucose uptake in various tissues and inhibits glucose release from the liver.
Metformin (Biguanide):
- Reduces glucose production in the liver.
- Increases insulin receptor sensitivity in muscle, delaying absorption of glucose.
- First-line treatment for T2DM
Glipizide (Sulfonylurea):
- Stimulates insulin release from the pancreas to control glucose levels.
- Acts on pancreatic beta cells.

Week 7 Renal Medication

Frusemide (Loop Diuretic):
- Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle of the kidneys.
- Used to treat hypertension and edema.
Hydrochlorothiazide(Thiazide diuretic):
- Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, lowering blood pressure.
- Treats hypertension.
Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 Inhibitor):
- Inhibits glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.
- Decreases glucose excretion in the urine.
- Treatment and management of type 2 diabetes.

Week 9 Electrolytes

Spironolactone (Potassium sparing diuretic):
- Reduces sodium reabsorption and loses potassium - helps regulate electrolyte imbalance.
- Can cause hyperkalemia.
- Stimulates erythropoietin production and growth factors.

Week 9 Fluids

NS 0.9% (Crystalloid):
- Isotonic to blood.
- Maintains electrolyte balance and hydration levels.
Albumin (Colloid):
- Increases blood pressure.
- Fluid resuscitation.
10% / 50% Dextrose (Hypotonic):
- Lower solute concentration compared to blood.
- Draws fluids into cells.

Week 10 Fluids

0.45% N/S (Hypertonic):
- High solute concentration compared to blood; water moves into the blood vessel.
- Used to treat hyponatremia.

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Description

This quiz covers key pharmacological agents used in neurology, focusing on mannitol, naloxone, sodium, valproate, and phenobarbital. Understand the mechanisms of action, applications, and risks associated with these medications. Test your knowledge on how these drugs affect neurological conditions.,