Week 2: The Respiratory System

<p>Both emotional state and level of physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO2 levels decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To hold the pleural membranes together and act as a lubricant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases below atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the collapse of alveoli by reducing surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes, in addition to the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air flows out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To line the thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases in volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the various air volumes that move into and out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of the diaphragm is to increase the thoracic cavity volume during inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume, while expiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The accessory muscles of inspiration, including the pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid muscles, are involved in forced inspiration and help to increase the thoracic cavity volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant is a type of lipid that reduces the surface tension between the alveolar walls and the air, allowing for easier expansion and inflation of the lungs during inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pleural fluid, located between the visceral and parietal pleura, reduces friction between the lungs and chest cavity, allowing for smooth movement during breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When CO2 or H+ ion concentrations rise in the cerebrospinal fluid, breathing rate and depth increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main function of the diaphragm is to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. It achieves this by contracting and flattening its dome shape, allowing air to enter the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tidal volume is the volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during one respiratory cycle, while inspiratory reserve volume is the additional volume of air that can be inhaled during forced inspiration. Tidal volume is the normal amount of air breathed in and out during quiet breathing, while inspiratory reserve volume is the extra amount of air that can be inhaled during deep breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The muscles involved in inspiration include the diaphragm, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes. These muscles contract to expand the thoracic cavity, increasing its volume and allowing air to enter the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant is a lipoprotein mixture that prevents alveolar collapse by reducing the surface tension between the alveolar walls, allowing them to expand and maintain their shape during inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pleural membrane is a serous membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity, with the parietal pleura lining the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleura lining the lungs. The pleural cavity contains pleural fluid, which acts as a lubricant and holds the pleural membranes together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspiration is the process of air moving into the lungs, while expiration is the process of air moving out of the lungs. The muscles involved in inspiration include the diaphragm, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes, while the muscles involved in expiration include the external intercostal muscles, which relax and allow the thoracic cavity to decrease in volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The external intercostal muscles relax during expiration, allowing the ribs to move down and in, and the thoracic cavity to decrease in volume, which increases the alveolar air pressure and pushes air out of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The residual volume is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration, and it is important for maintaining a reserve of oxygen in the lungs. It cannot be measured with a spirometer, but it can be calculated by subtracting the expiratory reserve volume from the total lung capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The muscles of inspiration, including the diaphragm, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes, contract to expand the thoracic cavity and allow air to enter the lungs. The muscles of expiration, including the external intercostal muscles, relax and allow the thoracic cavity to decrease in volume, pushing air out of the lungs. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for increasing the thoracic cavity volume during inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pleural membranes, including the parietal and visceral pleura, expand with the thoracic cavity during inspiration, allowing the lungs to expand. Surfactant reduces the surface tension between the alveolar walls, allowing them to expand and maintain their shape during inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>thoracic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>expands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>external intercostal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>expiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>residual</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pleural</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphragm = Increases thoracic cavity volume during inspiration Pectoralis minor = Aids in maximal inspiration External intercostal muscles = Contract during forced expiration Sternocleidomastoid = Helps to enlarge the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tidal volume = Volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle Inspiratory reserve volume = Volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume during forced inspiration Residual volume = Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration Expiratory reserve volume = Volume of air that can be exhaled in addition to the tidal volume during forced expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant = Prevents alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension between the two layers of the pleura Central chemoreceptors = Sensitive to changes in CO2 and H+ ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid Pleural fluid = Acts as a lubricant to hold the pleural membranes together Diaphragm = Relaxes during expiration, causing the ribs to move down and in</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspiration = Increases in size and moves laterally Expiration = Decreases in size and moves medially Forced inspiration = Increases rapidly in size and moves laterally Quiet breathing = Remains relatively constant in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphragm = Contracts during inspiration to increase thoracic cavity volume External intercostal muscles = Contract during forced expiration to decrease thoracic cavity volume Pectoralis minor = Aids in quiet inspiration Sternocleidomastoid = Relaxes during expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant = Aids in the expansion of the lungs during inspiration Pleural fluid = Facilitates breathing by reducing friction between the pleural membranes Diaphragm = Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration Central chemoreceptors = Regulate breathing rate and depth in response to CO2 and H+ ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphragm = Increases thoracic cavity volume during inspiration Pectoralis minor = Assists in maximal inspiration External intercostal muscles = Relax during expiration Scalenes = Helps to expand thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tidal volume = Volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during one respiratory cycle Inspiratory reserve volume = Volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume during forced inspiration Expiratory reserve volume = Volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume Residual volume = Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During inspiration = Increases thoracic cavity volume During expiration = Relaxes and flattens During maximal inspiration = Contracts with other muscles to enlarge thoracic cavity During quiet breathing = Is a passive muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal pleura = Lines thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and mediastinum Visceral pleura = Lines lungs Surfactant = Prevents alveolar collapse Pleural fluid = Lubricates and holds pleural membranes together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspiration = Diaphragm contracts and thoracic cavity expands Expiration = External intercostal muscles relax and thoracic cavity decreases Maximal inspiration = Accessory muscles contract to enlarge thoracic cavity Quiet breathing = Diaphragm is a passive muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tidal volume = 500 mL Inspiratory reserve volume = 3000 mL Expiratory reserve volume = 1200 mL Residual volume = 1200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In alveoli = Prevents alveolar collapse In pleural cavity = Increases surface tension between pleural membranes In bronchial tree = Aids in mucus clearance In lungs = Lubricates and holds pleural membranes together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphragm = Primary muscle of inspiration Pectoralis minor = Accessory muscle of inspiration Scalenes = Accessory muscle of inspiration External intercostal muscles = Primary muscle of expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspiration = Pressure inside lungs decreases Expiration = Pressure inside lungs increases Maximal inspiration = Pressure inside lungs is equal to atmospheric pressure Quiet breathing = Pressure inside lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During inspiration = Increases in volume and expands in lateral direction During expiration = Decreases in volume and moves down and in During maximal inspiration = Increases in volume and expands in vertical direction During quiet breathing = Remains constant in volume</p> Signup and view all the answers