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Questions and Answers
What provides an extensive area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood?
What provides an extensive area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood?
What are the two main functions of the respiratory system?
What are the two main functions of the respiratory system?
The larynx is also known as the voice box.
The larynx is also known as the voice box.
True (A)
What is the structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
What is the structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
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What is the primary function of the alveoli?
What is the primary function of the alveoli?
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What is the name of the thin membrane that separates the alveoli from the capillaries?
What is the name of the thin membrane that separates the alveoli from the capillaries?
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What are the two types of cells found in the alveoli?
What are the two types of cells found in the alveoli?
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What is the name of the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the atmosphere and body cells?
What is the name of the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the atmosphere and body cells?
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What are the three distinct phases of respiration?
What are the three distinct phases of respiration?
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What is Boyle's Law?
What is Boyle's Law?
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What is the function of the diaphragm during inspiration?
What is the function of the diaphragm during inspiration?
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The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle. The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle. The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration.
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What is the name of the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath?
What is the name of the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system in the control of respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system in the control of respiration?
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Which of the following is located in the pons?
Which of the following is located in the pons?
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What is the name of the reflex that triggers expiration when the lungs are stretched to their physical limit?
What is the name of the reflex that triggers expiration when the lungs are stretched to their physical limit?
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What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors?
What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors?
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Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
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The higher the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, the higher the percentage of hemoglobin saturation.
The higher the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, the higher the percentage of hemoglobin saturation.
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An increase in temperature increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
An increase in temperature increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
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What is the name of the molecule that is formed in red blood cells when glucose is catabolized to ATP?
What is the name of the molecule that is formed in red blood cells when glucose is catabolized to ATP?
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What is the primary way that oxygen is transported in the blood?
What is the primary way that oxygen is transported in the blood?
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What is the primary way that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
What is the primary way that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
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The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shows the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage of hemoglobin saturation.
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shows the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage of hemoglobin saturation.
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Functions
- Provides extensive area for gas exchange between air and blood.
- Moves air to and from lung exchange surfaces.
- Protects respiratory surfaces from environmental variations (dehydration, temperature).
- Defends respiratory system and other tissues from pathogen invasion.
Non-Respiratory Functions
- Regulates blood pH by altering carbon dioxide levels.
- Produces sounds for communication (speaking, singing).
- Provides olfactory sensations to the central nervous system (CNS).
- Produces chemical mediators (HSC 113).
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
- Activated when blood volume or sodium levels are low, or potassium is high.
- Kidney releases renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
- Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by ACE.
- Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure.
- It also stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal glands.
- Aldosterone promotes sodium and water retention and potassium excretion.
- Overactive system leads to high blood pressure.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- Structurally: Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract.
- Functionally: Conducting zone (carries gases) and Respiratory zone (exchange of gases).
- Organs: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs, Intercostal muscles, diaphragm.
Egyptian Hieroglyphs of the Respiratory System
- Depictions dating back to the 30th century BC show understanding of pulmonary anatomy, including trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
- Different depictions from various dynasties are documented.
Upper Respiratory Tract
- Nose and Nasal Cavity: Includes vestibule, conchae and olfactory region.
- Pharynx: Divided into nasopharynx (air passages), oropharynx (food and air), and laryngopharynx (food and air).
- Contains lymphatic tissue, eustachian tubes, and tonsils.
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Nasopharynx
- Contains lymphatic tissue and eustachian tubes.
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Oropharynx
- Contains tonsils and passage for food and air.
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Laryngopharynx
- Part of both respiratory and digestive systems.
Larynx (Voice Box)
- A semi-rigid structure made of cartilage.
- Cartilages and muscles control vocal cord movement for speech.
Thyroid and Cricoid Cartilage
- Provide structural support to airways to prevent collapse.
- Epiglottis is a leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing.
- Glottis is the opening that leads to the larynx.
- Vocal cords are involved in sound production.
Adam's Apple
- Notch at top of thyroid cartilage, more prominent in men due to puberty.
- Related to larynx enlargement.
Internal Laryngeal Structure
- Detailed description of internal structures of the larynx.
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Trachea: Tubular structure with cartilaginous rings to prevent collapse.
- Primary Bronchi: Divides into right and left bronchi, one for each lung, further branching into secondary and tertiary bronchi, bronchioles.
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Structure
- Fibrous and elastic outer layer.
- Cartilage and smooth muscles in the middle layer.
- Ciliated epithelium and mucus secretion in the innermost lining.
- Nerve endings present.
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Function
- Prevents kinks and obstructions as head and neck move.
- Allows changing shape due to food bolus (swallowing).
- Mucus traps inhaled debris.
- Cilia move mucus towards the pharynx.
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Bronchial Tree (Trachea and Bronchi Structures):
- Bronchi branch into smaller structures called bronchioles, ending up with alveoli.
- Cartilage decreases and smooth muscle increases in smaller bronchioles.
- Alveoli are the site of gas exchange.
- Lungs: The lungs have right and left lobes, with fissures separating the lobes.
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Alveoli:
- Tiny air sacs (about 150 million in adults) in lungs.
- Lined by simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange.
- Type I cells perform gas exchange and Type II cells produce surfactant (reduces surface tension)
- Large surface area facilitates gas exchange.
Alveoli Adaptations for Gas Exchange
- Thin walls for efficient diffusion.
- Surfactant reduces surface tension to prevent collapse.
- Rich capillary network for rapid gas exchange.
Accessory Muscles of Respiration
- Muscles that aid in breathing, such as sternomastoids, scalenes, intercostals, and abdominal muscles.
Physiology of the Respiratory System
- Pulmonary Ventilation: Breathing (inhalation and exhalation).
- External Respiration: Gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries (O2 in, CO2 out).
- Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissues (O2 out, CO2 in).
Respiratory Mechanics
- Important factors in breathing, such as Boyle's Law and pressures related to the lungs and chest cavity.
Pressures During Inspiration and Expiration
- Details on pressures involved in inhalation and exhalation, like atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, and intrapleural pressure.
Mechanism of Breathing
- Processes of inhalation (diaphragm contracts) and exhalation (diaphragm relaxes).
Lung Volumes and Lung Capacities
- Measurement and definition of different lung volumes and capacities (eg. tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume).
Control of Respiration
- The nervous system and chemical factors regulate respiration.
- Nervous control: Centers in the brain stem (medulla and pons) send signals to breathing muscles.
- Central chemoreceptors detect changes in pH of cerebrospinal fluid.
- Peripheral chemoreceptors (aortic and carotid bodies) monitor blood gases (pO2 and pCO2)
- Stretch receptors, located in the airways, respond to lung inflation and signal the brain to stop or slow deeper inspiration. (Hering-Breuer reflex).
Transport of Gases
- Oxygen transport in blood: bound to hemoglobin (98.5%) or dissolved in plasma (1.5%).
- Carbon dioxide transport in blood: bicarbonate ions (70%), carbaminohemoglobin (23%), dissolved in plasma (7%).
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
- Relationship between oxygen partial pressure and hemoglobin saturation.
- Factors that affect this curve: pH (acidity), temperature, and partial pressure of CO2.
Factors Affecting Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
- Explains how factors like partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), carbon dioxide (pCO2), acidity (pH), and temperature affect the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin
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Description
Explore the complex functions of the respiratory system, including gas exchange and non-respiratory roles like sound production and blood pH regulation. Delve into the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and its critical role in maintaining blood pressure and fluid balance. This quiz covers key physiological concepts essential for understanding human body functions.
