Week 10-11 Routing Protocols

Week 10-11 Routing Protocols

• Routing protocols facilitate routing information exchange between routers.
• Routing protocols dynamically learn information about remote networks and add it to routing tables.
• Routers use routing protocols to determine the best path to each network.
• Dynamic routing protocols adjust automatically to network topology changes.
• Static routes are manually configured and do not change unless reconfigured.
• Static routing is simpler to maintain for small networks with stable topologies.

Learning Outcomes

• Routers are computers with operating systems and hardware.
• Routers can configure and apply network addresses.
• Routers forward packets to their destinations.
• Routers use administrative distance to select a preferred route source.
• Network switch 2960 is mentioned.

Routing Introduction (Static Routes)

• Routers can learn static routes through active interfaces or manual configuration.
• The 'gateway of last resort' is a special static route.
• Static routes provide consistent routing.
• Static routes are typically used in smaller networks with simpler topologies.

Routing Introduction (Dynamic Routes)

• Dynamic routes are learned by running a routing protocol.
• Routing protocols learn routes from neighboring routers.
• Dynamic routing is more flexible for larger networks.

Routed and Routing Protocols

• Protocols like RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP, and IS-IS are examples of routing protocols used in networking.
• Routed protocols (like IP, IPX, and AppleTalk) are managed by routing protocols.

Dynamic Routing Protocols

• Dynamic routing protocols play a crucial role in modern networks.
• These protocols offer several advantages.
• Dynamic routing protocols are commonly used with static routes.

The Evolution of Dynamic Routing Protocols

• The presentation details different kinds of routing protocols and their time of introduction.

Role of Dynamic Routing Protocol

• Routing protocols facilitate the exchange of routing information through routers.
• Protocols automatically learn and add information about remote networks to routing tables.
• Routers determine optimal paths for network traffic based on several criteria.

Network Discovery and Routing Table Maintenance

• Dynamic routing protocols discover remote networks and maintain up-to-date information, choosing the best current or alternate network path.
• Protocols update routing tables automatically with new information.

Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation

• Routers continuously exchange routing messages and information.
• Routing protocols learn about remote networks from other participating routers.
• Routers adapt to topology changes, using protocols to ensure updated routing tables.

Dynamic Routing Protocol Advantages

• Static routing is simpler for smaller networks with stable configurations.
• Dynamic routing is preferable for complex networks due to its adaptability to changes.

Static Routing Usage, Advantages, and Disadvantages

• Static routing is an effective method for smaller networks with consistent topologies.
• Static routing simplifies administration and routing table management.
• Static routes require manual configuration and maintenance.

Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages

• Static routes are easier to understand and manage in smaller networks.
• Maintaining static routes is simpler than dynamic routes.
• Static routing becomes more challenging as networks grow.

Dynamic Routing Advantages and Disadvantages

• Dynamic routing automatically adjusts to network changes.
• Dynamic routing is preferable for networks that frequently change.
• Dynamic routing requires more administration effort.

Classifying Dynamic Routing Protocols

• Routing protocols can be classified using different criteria.
• IGP and EGP protocols differentiate based on internal and external network scope.
• Protocols are classified based on distance vector or link-state characteristics.
• Protocols are categorized based on their addressing scheme (classful or classless).

Classifying Dynamic Routing Protocols

• RIP, IGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP, and BGP are prominent examples of networking protocols.
• These protocols vary in design and functionalities.

Autonomous Systems

• Autonomous systems (AS) are groups of routers under a single administrative body.
• Autonomous systems are used to provide boundaries for specific routing protocols, such as interior gateway protocols (IGPs) and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs).
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used for communication between autonomous systems.

IGP Versus EGP Routing Protocols

• Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) manage routing within an autonomous system.
• Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs) manage routing between autonomous systems.
• BGP is an example of a commonly used EGP.

Distance Vector and Link-State Routing Protocols

• Distance vector routing protocols use vectors to advertise route paths.
• Distance vector routing is best suited for simple, flat networks.
• Link-state routing creates a topology map to determine the best path.
• Link-state protocols are preferable for large, hierarchical networks.

Classful and Classless Routing Protocols

• Classful routing has uniform subnet masks throughout the network.
• Classless routing implements variable subnet masks, promoting network flexibility.

Dynamic Routing Protocols and Convergence

• Convergence occurs when all routers have identical routing paths to all destinations.
• Routing protocols rapidly adapt to network changes promoting reliable communication.

Metrics

• Metrics (parameters in routing protocols) are used for path selection and network traffic management.
• Metrics like hop count, bandwidth, load, delay, reliability, and cost are factors in choosing effective routes.

Metrics and Routing Protocols

• Metrics are crucial parameters used by routing protocols in choosing optimal paths.
• Different protocols utilize distinct metrics.

Metrics and Routing Protocols

• Factors like hop count, bandwidth, load, delay, reliability and cost need to be taken into consideration when choosing a routing protocol.
• Routing protocols use these metrics when selecting the best possible routes.

Metric Field in the Routing Table

• Routing tables store the best path to network destinations.
• Metrics in routing tables indicate route quality.

Metric Field in the Routing Table

• Tables describe routing protocols, their metrics, and the best path criteria.

Metrics and Routing Protocols: Load Balancing across Equal-Cost paths

• Load balancing distributes network traffic among equal-cost paths.

Administrative Distance

• Administrative distance assigns priorities to different routing sources.
• High administrative distance values indicate lower preference, favoring lower distance values, especially directly connected routes.

Administrative Distance

• Administrative distance prioritizes best paths learned from different routing protocol sources.
• Directly connected networks have the highest preference.

Comparing Administrative Distances

• Administrative distances dictate preference for routing paths.
• Lower administrative distances indicate preference.
• The best routing path is chosen based on the administrative distances.

Comparing Administrative Distances

• Different metrics lead to different paths which need to be carefully weighed.

Comparing Administrative Distances

• Admin distance values determine which source is favoured and guides towards selecting the preferred routing information among multiple sources.

Default Administrative Distances

• Different routing protocols have varying administrative distance values.

Static Routes and Administrative Distance

• Static routes are manually configured and are preferred in smaller networks.

Directly Connected Networks and Administrative Distance

• Directly connected networks form the most preferred route in a network.

Dynamic Routing Protocols and Administrative Distance

• Various routing protocols share different values for administrative distances and affect convergence.

End of Presentation

This quiz will assess your understanding of routing protocols, including static and dynamic routes. You will explore how routers interact with each other to determine optimal paths and manage routing tables. Gain insights into configurations, administrative distances, and the roles of routers and switches.