Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characteristic ensures a theory can be assessed against real-world data?
What characteristic ensures a theory can be assessed against real-world data?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why scientific theories are considered disposable?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why scientific theories are considered disposable?
How can therapists improve treatment outcomes according to the principles laid out?
How can therapists improve treatment outcomes according to the principles laid out?
What does Clark's cognitive model of panic disorder primarily suggest?
What does Clark's cognitive model of panic disorder primarily suggest?
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Which intervention is NOT aligned with addressing Clark's cognitive model?
Which intervention is NOT aligned with addressing Clark's cognitive model?
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What physiological factor can increase vulnerability to panic attacks?
What physiological factor can increase vulnerability to panic attacks?
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Which of the following components directly disrupts the panic feedback loop?
Which of the following components directly disrupts the panic feedback loop?
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What role does catastrophic interpretation play in panic disorder according to Clark's model?
What role does catastrophic interpretation play in panic disorder according to Clark's model?
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What is spontaneous recovery in the context of conditioned responses?
What is spontaneous recovery in the context of conditioned responses?
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How can contextual extinction be improved to reduce renewal effects?
How can contextual extinction be improved to reduce renewal effects?
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What do dynamic systems perspectives emphasize in understanding psychopathology?
What do dynamic systems perspectives emphasize in understanding psychopathology?
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Which technique involves using pharmacological agents to disrupt the retrieval of maladaptive memories?
Which technique involves using pharmacological agents to disrupt the retrieval of maladaptive memories?
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What is the primary goal of counter-conditioning in therapeutic interventions?
What is the primary goal of counter-conditioning in therapeutic interventions?
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In what way does the individualistic/bio-medical perspective differ from dynamic systems perspectives?
In what way does the individualistic/bio-medical perspective differ from dynamic systems perspectives?
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What impact do adverse childhood experiences have on gene expression?
What impact do adverse childhood experiences have on gene expression?
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How does cross-norm inhibition affect behavior adherence?
How does cross-norm inhibition affect behavior adherence?
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Which of the following describes how epigenetic changes can influence mental disorders?
Which of the following describes how epigenetic changes can influence mental disorders?
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Which of the following represents a non-linear perspective in understanding psychological behaviors?
Which of the following represents a non-linear perspective in understanding psychological behaviors?
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What role do genetically modified animals play in psychopathology research?
What role do genetically modified animals play in psychopathology research?
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How do rodent models contribute to the understanding of human psychopathologies?
How do rodent models contribute to the understanding of human psychopathologies?
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What is one effect of SSRIs on neurotransmitter systems?
What is one effect of SSRIs on neurotransmitter systems?
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What do antipsychotics primarily do in terms of neurotransmitter activity?
What do antipsychotics primarily do in terms of neurotransmitter activity?
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What is a significant limitation of animal models in psychopathology research?
What is a significant limitation of animal models in psychopathology research?
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How do animal experiments contribute to intervention testing in psychopathology?
How do animal experiments contribute to intervention testing in psychopathology?
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What is a conditioned compensatory response (CCR)?
What is a conditioned compensatory response (CCR)?
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In the differential conditioning paradigm, what does CS+ indicate?
In the differential conditioning paradigm, what does CS+ indicate?
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What is the primary difference between initial attention and maintained attention?
What is the primary difference between initial attention and maintained attention?
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What role does latent inhibition play in conditioning?
What role does latent inhibition play in conditioning?
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Which task is primarily used to measure attentional bias?
Which task is primarily used to measure attentional bias?
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What is the process of extinction in classical conditioning?
What is the process of extinction in classical conditioning?
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What defines a 'sequential (predictive) relationship' in the context of conditioning?
What defines a 'sequential (predictive) relationship' in the context of conditioning?
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What does Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) aim to achieve?
What does Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) aim to achieve?
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What is an example of a cognitive-motivational process that contributes to persistence in disorders?
What is an example of a cognitive-motivational process that contributes to persistence in disorders?
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How does evaluative conditioning influence a neutral stimulus?
How does evaluative conditioning influence a neutral stimulus?
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Which statement best reflects the dual process model in the context of psychological disorders?
Which statement best reflects the dual process model in the context of psychological disorders?
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What occurs during the process of reinstatement in conditioning?
What occurs during the process of reinstatement in conditioning?
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What is cue-exposure therapy primarily used for?
What is cue-exposure therapy primarily used for?
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In designing interventions for behavioral disorders, what should be prioritized to correct dual process imbalances?
In designing interventions for behavioral disorders, what should be prioritized to correct dual process imbalances?
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What is the function of the Implicit Association Task (IAT)?
What is the function of the Implicit Association Task (IAT)?
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How do attentional biases influence the persistence of disorders like anxiety and substance use?
How do attentional biases influence the persistence of disorders like anxiety and substance use?
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What is the primary function of bilateral stimulation in EMDR according to van den Hout's experiments?
What is the primary function of bilateral stimulation in EMDR according to van den Hout's experiments?
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Which concept describes understanding mental disorders as interconnected symptoms rather than single underlying factors?
Which concept describes understanding mental disorders as interconnected symptoms rather than single underlying factors?
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In classical conditioning, what is the role of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
In classical conditioning, what is the role of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
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What is cue-reactivity in the context of associative learning?
What is cue-reactivity in the context of associative learning?
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Which of the following best describes a conditioned response (CR)?
Which of the following best describes a conditioned response (CR)?
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Which statement reflects the essence of the network approach in treating mental disorders?
Which statement reflects the essence of the network approach in treating mental disorders?
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In Pavlov's experiments, what was the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
In Pavlov's experiments, what was the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
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How does dual-tasking interfere with memory according to the outlined theory in EMDR?
How does dual-tasking interfere with memory according to the outlined theory in EMDR?
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Study Notes
Week 1: Psychopathology Questions
- Good theories are characterized by clarity, coherence, empirical testability, predictive power, and falsifiability.
- Scientific knowledge evolves, so theories are disposable as new evidence emerges.
- Therapists need to understand how and why interventions work for ethical and effective treatment, improved outcomes, and trust-building.
- Clark's cognitive model of panic disorder suggests misinterpreting bodily sensations as catastrophic, creating a cycle of anxiety and physiological arousal.
- Cognitive restructuring, behavioral experiments, and interoceptive exposure reduce panic symptoms by addressing misinterpretations.
- Some individuals are biologically more prone to panic due to factors like alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which amplifies noradrenaline and sympathetic nervous system activity.
- Effective interventions for panic disorder include CBT, which targets maladaptive beliefs, reduces avoidance, and alters catastrophic interpretations.
Week 2: Associative Learning
- Classical Conditioning: A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a similar response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that automatically triggers a response without prior learning (e.g., food causing salivation).
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): An automatic reaction to the UCS (e.g., salivating in response to food).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the UCS, triggers a conditioned response (e.g., a bell ringing before food).
- Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response to the CS, similar to the UCR (e.g., salivating when hearing the bell).
- Cue-Reactivity: Exposure to cues (sights, smells, etc.) associated with a behavior can trigger cravings or responses (e.g., drug use).
- Conditioned Compensatory Response (CCR): A response that counteracts the effects of a drug or stimulus, developed through conditioning.
- Cue-Exposure: Exposure to cues associated with a behavior without engaging in that behavior, helping extinguish the conditioned response.
- Latent Inhibition: A stimulus previously encountered without consequence is less likely to become a conditioned stimulus.
- Sensory Pre-conditioning: Two neutral stimuli are paired, and later, one is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, causing the other neutral stimulus to elicit a response.
Week 3: Classical/Associative Conditioning (continued)
- UCS Revaluation (UCS-Inflation): A change in the perceived intensity or value of the UCS after conditioning; this can increase the conditioned response.
- Extinction: Reduction or elimination of a conditioned response through repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
- Renewal: Reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction when context changes.
- Reinstatement: Return of a conditioned response after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is presented again.
- Evaluative Conditioning: A process where a neutral stimulus acquires positive or negative valence through association with a stimulus having affective value.
- Referential vs. Sequential Relationships: Referential relationships involve the conditioned stimulus signaling the unconditioned stimulus (no causality implied), while sequential relationships involve the conditioned stimulus predicting the unconditioned stimulus in a time-ordered manner.
- Contra-Conditioning: Replacing an undesirable conditioned response with a new, more desirable one by pairing the conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus.
- Covariation Bias: Overestimating the relationship between events (particularly emotionally salient events) when there may be little or no real relationship.
- UCS Expectancy Bias: Overestimating the likelihood of an unconditioned stimulus occurring, based on prior conditioning.
Week 4: Anxiety Disorders, Addiction, and Bulimia
- Interventions for anxiety disorders, addiction, and bulimia nervosa frequently address learning-related factors using techniques like cue exposure therapy, where repeated exposure to cues/triggers without the associated unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a drug for an addiction) eventually reduces/eliminates the response; and counter-conditioning, pairing the conditioned stimulus with a positive, adaptive stimulus.
- Cue exposure can help extinguish responses associated with cues.
- Cognitive restructuring, targeting expectations and biases.
- Sensory pre-conditioning; addressing maladaptive generalizations by focusing on early neutral associations.
- UCS (unconditioned stimulus) Revaluation, changing the perceived value of a stimulus, to have a reduced effect.
- Interventions and learning, addressing the cycle of reinforcement.
Week 5: Interpersonal Psychopathology
- Integrative Interpersonal Theory (CIIT).
- Psychopathology is a result of maladaptive interpersonal patterns rooted in early relational experiences, maintained through ongoing interactions.
- Early relational experiences and interpersonal cycles shape relational schemas and expectations.
- Psychopathology is not only a result of brain dysfunction (though it can be) but dynamic processes and interactions between individual & environment.
- Importance of therapeutic alliance and adapting to individual patient's interpersonal style, relational schemas, and attachment to improve outcomes.
Week 6: Biological Factors
- Genetics and epigenetics play roles in the development of psychopathologies.
- Heritability and gene-environment interactions affect risk for certain disorders.
- Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression without altering DNA.
- Non-human animal experiments can help understand biological correlates in particular, modeling interactions of stress and trauma.
- Neurotransmitter mechanisms and neuroplasticity.
- Medications operate in brain and mind at the level of neurochemistry and neural circuits; for example, SSRIs increase serotonin, to modulate emotional states
Week 7: Cognitive Perspective in Psychopathology
- Cognitive-Motivational Model of Anxiety argues Heightened attentional biases toward cues, causing maladaptive motivational systems (e..g., substance use or fear in anxiety)
- Time courses associated with attentional biases include initial attention (rapid orientation) & maintained attention (prolonged focus on stimuli).
- A Dual Process Model proposes that psychopathology results from an imbalance between the impulsive associative system (automatic responses.) and reflective systems (controlled responses).
- Cognitive biasses underlie the impulsive system responses, with CBT providing effective means of retraining biases and creating adaptive responses.
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Description
This quiz covers the foundations of psychopathology, including key theories, therapeutic interventions, and the cognitive model of panic disorder. It explores the importance of understanding interventions for effective treatment and delves into the biological factors influencing panic. Test your knowledge on empirical testability and cognitive restructuring techniques.
