Week 1: Ethics & Power
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Questions and Answers

Which ethical approach emphasizes respecting and protecting the rights of all affected individuals?

  • The Rights Approach (correct)
  • Categorical Imperative
  • The Virtue Approach
  • The Fairness or Justice Approach

In Kant's ethical framework, which of the following is considered immoral?

  • Acts that align with universal moral rules
  • Making exceptions for oneself (correct)
  • Assessing actions based on individual preferences
  • Upholding ethical duties

What is a key characteristic of the divine command approach to ethics?

  • Ethics are determined by cultural norms
  • Moral truths are universally applicable
  • Actions are deemed ethical based on societal consequences
  • Ethical standards come from God's will (correct)

Which statement reflects the principle of the fairness or justice approach in ethics?

<p>All individuals have equal rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal concern regarding eugenics and immigration policies?

<p>Discriminating against certain groups based on perceived genetic traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Nuremberg Code emphasizes the importance of which ethical principle?

<p>Informed consent in medical trials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework is primarily concerned with consistency with human virtues?

<p>The Virtue Approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical concept allows for situational exceptions within universal rules?

<p>The Categorical Imperative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of normative ethics?

<p>Investigating how one ought to act in a moral sense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of normative ethics?

<p>Social contract theories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of consequentialist theories primarily evaluate?

<p>The ethical consequences of actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best encapsulates the idea of normative ethics?

<p>You should act according to moral standards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evaluating whether actions are morally right, which aspect is emphasized by non-consequentialist theories?

<p>The intentions behind the action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of not having enforced moral rules according to normative ethics?

<p>Meaningless ethical judgments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quality is associated with being considered a morally good person?

<p>Bravery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical framework might excuse unethical actions if they lead to positive outcomes?

<p>Consequentialist ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle is largely violated in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

<p>Informed consent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compulsory sterilization laws raise significant ethical concerns regarding which principle?

<p>Individual value and autonomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Nuremberg Code was established to ensure ethical standards for which of the following?

<p>Human experimentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ethical concerns with eugenics and immigration policies primarily revolve around which concept?

<p>Fairness and equity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical concern is most associated with genetic engineering?

<p>Risk of unintended consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of medical ethics, which of these duties is least likely to be legally binding?

<p>Professional norms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle implies that medical practices must prioritize patient well-being over all else?

<p>Beneficence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does bioethics primarily address compared to medical ethics?

<p>Philosophical social issues beyond medicine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the utilitarian approach prioritize when evaluating actions?

<p>The happiness produced for the greatest number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does John Stuart Mill's modification of utilitarianism differ from Bentham's original concept?

<p>It introduces a subjective concept of happiness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle of rule utilitarianism?

<p>Following rules generally leads to greater happiness over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the view on pleasure according to Bentham's utilitarianism?

<p>All pleasures should be considered equal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates the potential downside of utilitarianism in an educational context?

<p>Equal distributions of grades lead to complacency and lack of effort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the common good approach emphasize in ethical decision-making?

<p>Balancing individual and communal interests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is known for the 'greatest happiness principle' within the context of utilitarianism?

<p>John Stuart Mill (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant ethical concern discussed in the context of sports technology?

<p>It enhances physical capabilities without consideration of safety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of egoism within consequentialism?

<p>Promoting individual interests and happiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key philosopher introduced the idea of Preference Utilitarianism?

<p>J.J.C. Smart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In utilitarianism, what does the Greatest Happiness Principle advocate?

<p>The greatest number should benefit from actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criticism of utilitarianism related to the concept of individual sacrifice?

<p>It can justify harming individuals for the greater good (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes higher pleasures from lower pleasures according to John S. Mill?

<p>Higher pleasures involve intellectual and moral enrichment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of consequentialism emphasizes the reduction of harm?

<p>Negative Utilitarianism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does rule utilitarianism help to ensure in ethical decision-making?

<p>Predictability and security in moral choices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem does the ambiguity of 'end' address in utilitarian evaluations?

<p>The timeframe for assessing consequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts indicates that certain qualities cannot be compared?

<p>Incommensurable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential criticism of hedonism within consequential ethics?

<p>It may overlook the significance of harmful consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical approach focuses on the intention behind actions rather than their consequences?

<p>Deontological/Duty-based approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary criticism of virtue ethics?

<p>It is heavily influenced by cultural biases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best addresses the ethical principle of fairness?

<p>The fairness or justice approach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework is primarily associated with the concept of cynicism toward self-interest?

<p>Egoistic approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of the divine command approach to ethics?

<p>God's commands as ethical standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle could allow for exceptions based on situational context?

<p>Categorical imperatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the rights approach, what should the best ethical action respect?

<p>Individual dignity and rights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory argues that ethical actions should align with long-term character development?

<p>The virtue approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework tends to prioritize the collective well-being of society over individual interests?

<p>Common-good approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the fairness or justice approach, who is expected to benefit most from ethical actions?

<p>All individuals regardless of status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical approach views morality as a commitment to individual rights?

<p>Rights approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory emphasizes the universal applicability of its moral rules?

<p>Deontological ethics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Kant’s categorical imperative distinguishes it from other moral philosophies?

<p>It prescribes moral rules that apply universally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following critiques the ethical implications of prioritizing virtues in ethical decision-making?

<p>It is prone to cultural bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Categorical Imperative

A moral rule that applies universally, regardless of personal goals.

Rights Approach

The best ethical action respects and protects the rights of those affected.

Justice Approach

Ethical principles chosen by rational people.

Divine Command Approach

What's right is dictated by God's will.

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Virtue Approach

Ethical actions align with human virtues.

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Universal Rule

Act in ways you want others to act.

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Imperative

Statement about what people should do.

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Moral Rule

A guideline of how to act that's universally applicable.

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Normative Ethics

The branch of ethics that focuses on what actions are morally right or wrong.

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Consequentialist ethics

Ethical theories that judge the morality of an action based on its consequences.

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Non-consequentialist ethics

Ethical theories that judge the morality of an action based on its intention.

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Agent-centered ethics

Ethical theories that judge the morality of an individual based on their character.

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What does 'ought' mean in ethics?

'Ought' in ethics suggests a moral obligation or a recommended course of action.

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Utilitarian Approach

A consequentialist theory that aims to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.

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Egoistic Approach

A consequentialist theory that prioritizes self-interest in decision-making.

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Moral Right vs. Right Action

Moral right refers to what is morally correct, while right action focuses on what someone should do in a specific situation.

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Medical Ethics

The study of moral issues related to the practice of medicine, focusing on the physician-patient relationship.

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Bioethics

A broader field encompassing the moral implications of biological and medical advancements, including non-human biological issues.

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Practical Ethics

Applying ethical principles to real-world situations, considering facts, skills, time constraints, and the impact of actions.

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Duties in Medical Ethics

Responsibilities owed to individuals, groups, and principles, including patients, families, colleagues, society, law, and justice.

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Conventional Morality

Widespread rules and principles that govern behavior within a culture, shaped by social agreements and influenced by biases.

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Critical Morality vs. Conventional Morality

Critical morality questions conventional morality's validity and truthfulness, focusing on ethical reasoning and principles.

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Examples of Conventional Morality

Cultural norms, such as tipping practices or gender roles, that are accepted but may not be inherently true or universal.

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Conventional Morality Limitations

Conventional morality can vary geographically and lack universal truth, as it is shaped by social factors.

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Consequentialist Theories

Ethical theories that judge the morality of an action based on its consequences. The outcome determines right or wrong.

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Greatest Happiness Principle

The core principle of utilitarianism, stating that actions should be chosen to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.

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Epicurus' Approach

A form of utilitarianism that defines the best life as one that minimizes pain and maximizes pleasure.

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Bentham's Utilitarianism

A utilitarian approach that measures happiness based on the amount of pleasure or pain caused by an action.

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Mill's Utilitarianism

Refines Bentham's approach by emphasizing subjective happiness over material pleasure, considering quality of pleasure alongside quantity.

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Rule Utilitarianism

Following rules that will generally produce happiness, even if they don't always provide immediate gratification.

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Kinesiology and Utilitarianism

Kinesiology is concerned with outcomes, whether they lead to greater happiness or pain, and how technology impacts that balance.

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Ethics in Sports

Exploring how ethical principles, like utilitarianism, apply to sports and their impact on athletes, spectators, and the overall sport.

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Consequentialism

A moral philosophy where the rightness or wrongness of an action is judged solely by its consequences.

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Utilitarianism

A type of consequentialism that aims to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.

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Higher Pleasures

Experiences that are intellectually and morally enriching, like reading a good book or helping others.

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Lower Pleasures

Physical and sensory pleasures, like eating delicious food or listening to music.

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Egoism

A type of consequentialism that focuses on maximizing personal interests.

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Problems with Utilitarianism

Criticisms of utilitarianism include the potential for sacrificing individuals for the greater good, the difficulty in measuring happiness, and the ambiguity of determining the best long-term outcomes.

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Ends vs. Means

A fundamental ethical dilemma where good intentions may not justify harmful actions.

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Intrinsic Value

In utilitarianism, actions lack inherent value unless they produce positive consequences.

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Utilitarianism Criticism: Calculations

Utilitarianism can be difficult to apply because accurately calculating happiness for everyone is complex.

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Utilitarianism Criticism: Character

Utilitarianism focuses on outcomes, not the person's character. It might allow bad actions if they lead to good results.

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Utilitarianism Criticism: Absolute Rules

Utilitarianism doesn't provide clear-cut rules for every situation, relying on situational judgment instead.

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Utilitarianism Criticism: Happiness Focus

Utilitarianism prioritizes happiness above all else, questioning if that's the only thing that matters in life.

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Utilitarianism Criticism: Human Value

Utilitarianism reduces humans to their capacity for pleasure and pain, ignoring other aspects of human experience.

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Ethical Egoism

An individual uses utilitarian calculations to maximize their own happiness, not the happiness of everyone.

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Common Good Approach

Actions should contribute to a good and ethical society, benefiting everyone.

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Deontological Approach

Ethical actions are judged by their intention, not their consequences.

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Fairness/Justice Approach

Ethical principles should be chosen by rational individuals, treating everyone fairly.

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Aristotle's Virtues

Aristotle divided virtues into two categories: Intellectual virtues (wisdom) and Moral virtues (justice, courage, etc.).

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Feminist Approach: Principle of Care

Ethical focus should be on caring for others, often in opposition to impersonal approaches.

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Study Notes

Week 1: Ethics & Power

  • Ethics is the formal study of what is right and wrong, the principles for deciding right and wrong, and the processes for determining right and wrong.
  • Ethical issues involve conflicting values, beliefs, goals, or responsibilities, concerns about people's rights, and uncertainties about moral actions.
  • Ethics differs from merely obeying laws or norms, as it is about considering the philosophical aspects of moral problems.
  • Traditional divisions of ethics include meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics (including medical ethics/bioethics).
  • Medical ethics studies moral values and judgments in medicine and medical research, encompassing practical application, history, philosophy, theology, sociology, and anthropology.
  • Studying medical ethics is important because it considers ethical perspectives of others regarding healthcare and decision-making. Contemporary issues include, but are not limited to those of the early 20th century (and before).
  • Modern medical ethics statements include documents like the Nuremberg Code (1947), the Declaration of Geneva (1948, 1968, 1984, 1994, 2005, 2006), the World Medical Association international code of medical ethics, and AMA revisions (1957, 1964, rev. 1975, 1996, 2000, 2001), as well as the Belmont Report (1979).
  • Historical events like the Tuskegee Syphilis study and the eugenics movement have shaped the field of medical ethics.

Week 2: The Role of a Kinesiologist

  • Kinesiology is the study of human physical movement from a scientific approach, including biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, psychology, and behavior.
  • Kinesiologists work in various settings, from sport medicine to coaching, evaluating how people move and function.
  • Ethical issues arise from conflicts like the pressure to meet performance demands versus patient well-being in sports settings.
  • Concerns regarding doping and other performance-enhancing methods must be addressed ethically. Viewership figures often conflict with optimal care.

Week 3: Normative Ethics

  • Normative ethics examines moral standards and rules guiding human conduct.
  • Consequentialist theories focus on outcomes, including utilitarianism (producing the greatest good for the greatest number) and egoism (prioritizing self-interest).
  • Non-consequentialist/duty-based theories focus on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, such as deontology (duty and rules).
  • Agent-centered theories focus on the characteristics of moral agents (individuals), considering their virtues and character. They also consider the care approach to ethics as morally good.
  • Various approaches, though in conflict, help clarify ethical decision-making structures.

Week 4: Consequentialism

  • Consequentialism evaluates actions based on their consequences, typically aiming to maximize positive outcomes.
  • Utilitarianism, a prominent consequentialist theory, assesses actions by their ability to maximize overall happiness or well-being.
  • Utilitarianism considers both the quantity and quality of happiness produced. John S. Mill differentiated between higher (intellectual and moral) and lower (physical) pleasures, arguing that higher pleasures are more desirable.
  • Rule utilitarianism suggests adhering to rules that generally produce the greatest good, whereas act utilitarianism focuses on assessing each individual action's consequences.
  • Ethical challenges to consequentialism include the difficulty in predicting future consequences, the problem of incommensurability, dealing with conflicting outcomes, and considering the moral agent.

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400 Ethics & Power Exam Notes PDF

Description

This quiz explores the foundational concepts of ethics, including its distinctions from laws and norms. It highlights the various branches of ethics, with a focus on medical ethics and its importance in decision-making and healthcare. Prepare to engage with contemporary ethical issues as well as historical perspectives.

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