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Questions and Answers
Who is responsible for taking surface and upper-air observations forward of the division command element and in direct support of Army weapon systems and operations?
Who is responsible for taking surface and upper-air observations forward of the division command element and in direct support of Army weapon systems and operations?
What doctrine states the Army's requirement for weather support?
What doctrine states the Army's requirement for weather support?
Where are USAF forecasters typically located?
Where are USAF forecasters typically located?
What is composed of weather, enemy, and terrain?
What is composed of weather, enemy, and terrain?
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Who has the added responsibility for terrain analysis when a terrain team is not assigned?
Who has the added responsibility for terrain analysis when a terrain team is not assigned?
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What do terrain teams produce to help the commander and staff understand the effects of weather on division operations?
What do terrain teams produce to help the commander and staff understand the effects of weather on division operations?
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Who is the principal user of IPB templates?
Who is the principal user of IPB templates?
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What is updated locally to support IPB?
What is updated locally to support IPB?
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What is the primary concern for aviation operations with regards to low overcast clouds?
What is the primary concern for aviation operations with regards to low overcast clouds?
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What is the primary factor that determines the density altitude of an aircraft?
What is the primary factor that determines the density altitude of an aircraft?
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What is the ideal condition for Night Vision Devices (NVDs) to operate efficiently?
What is the ideal condition for Night Vision Devices (NVDs) to operate efficiently?
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What is the effect of ice on lifting surfaces of an aircraft?
What is the effect of ice on lifting surfaces of an aircraft?
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What is the primary concern for aircraft operations in precipitation conditions?
What is the primary concern for aircraft operations in precipitation conditions?
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What is the effect of snow on ground operations?
What is the effect of snow on ground operations?
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What is the effect of surface winds on aircraft operations?
What is the effect of surface winds on aircraft operations?
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Why is the state-of-the-ground important for serially delivered munitions?
Why is the state-of-the-ground important for serially delivered munitions?
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What is the effect of high temperatures on lift capability?
What is the effect of high temperatures on lift capability?
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What is the effect of cold temperatures on maintenance requirements?
What is the effect of cold temperatures on maintenance requirements?
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What is the effect of thunderstorms and lightning on aviation operations?
What is the effect of thunderstorms and lightning on aviation operations?
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What is the effect of turbulence on aircraft operations?
What is the effect of turbulence on aircraft operations?
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What is the effect of visibility on military operations?
What is the effect of visibility on military operations?
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What is the effect of winds aloft on navigation?
What is the effect of winds aloft on navigation?
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What is the purpose of E-O systems in military operations?
What is the purpose of E-O systems in military operations?
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Why are E-O systems important in military operations?
Why are E-O systems important in military operations?
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What is the impact of extreme cold on artillery firing?
What is the impact of extreme cold on artillery firing?
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Which of the following is NOT impacted by reduced visibility?
Which of the following is NOT impacted by reduced visibility?
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What is the primary role of wind profiles in artillery firing?
What is the primary role of wind profiles in artillery firing?
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What is the primary impact of thunderstorms and lightning on artillery firing?
What is the primary impact of thunderstorms and lightning on artillery firing?
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Why are accurate and timely meteorological data important in artillery firing?
Why are accurate and timely meteorological data important in artillery firing?
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What is the primary role of weather support in Army aviation?
What is the primary role of weather support in Army aviation?
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What is the significance of accurate forecasts in the AO and AI for air operations?
What is the significance of accurate forecasts in the AO and AI for air operations?
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What is NOT a mission type of Army aviation?
What is NOT a mission type of Army aviation?
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What is affected by poor visibility?
What is affected by poor visibility?
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Why do low temperatures reduce personnel effectiveness?
Why do low temperatures reduce personnel effectiveness?
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What is hindered by weather in intelligence operations?
What is hindered by weather in intelligence operations?
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What weather condition restricts the use of UAVs?
What weather condition restricts the use of UAVs?
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What is the requirement for NVD to function?
What is the requirement for NVD to function?
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What is the effect of icing on electronic systems?
What is the effect of icing on electronic systems?
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What is obstructed by even moderate amounts of rain and snow?
What is obstructed by even moderate amounts of rain and snow?
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What affects the effectiveness of infrared and photographic collection systems?
What affects the effectiveness of infrared and photographic collection systems?
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Study Notes
Weather Support
- Division WETMOTs may be deployed forward to supplement surface observations taken by Army personnel
- Army is responsible for taking surface and upper-air observations forward of the division command element and in direct support of Army weapon systems and operations
- USAF Directorate of Weather assigns weather forecasters and observers, comprising WETMs, or special operations weather teams (SOWTs), to tactical Army units to meet this need
Terrain Analysis Team Support
- Combat intelligence is composed of weather, enemy, and terrain; sometimes called the WET trilogy
- Below division, where a terrain team is not assigned, the intelligence analyst working order of battle (OB) has the added responsibility for terrain analysis
- Terrain teams are responsible for analyzing the division geographic AI and providing recommended courses of action based upon effects of weather under current and forecast weather conditions
Weather Effects on Aviation
- Accurate forecasts in the AO and AI are more critical to air operations than most land operations
- Weather effects on aviation include:
- Clouds and sky cover: limit effectiveness of aerial illumination devices, overcasts limit heating of inactive targets and lower target detection range for thermal sights
- Density altitude: critical measurement that determines if an aircraft has enough lift capabilities and performance to get off the ground
- Dewpoint: serves as a warning of possible fog formation or icing conditions
- Icing: affects aerodynamics of the aircraft
- Illumination: NVD are most efficient with about a quarter (23 percent) of the moon, 30 degrees above the horizon, scattered clouds, and the sun more than 5 degrees below the horizon
- Infrared crossover: temperature condition that affects target acquisition
- Precipitation: affects visibility and safety of both crew and airframe
- Pressure altitude: computed figure affects all aircraft engine performance
- Snow depth: compounds ground handling problems
- State-of-the-ground: ground conditions impact on the effectiveness of serially delivered munitions
- Surface winds: strong winds, especially cross-winds, affect aircraft control near the ground during take-off and landings
- Temperature: high temperatures reduce lift capability, cold temperatures increase maintenance requirements and the time needed to accomplish each task
- Thunderstorms and lightning: extreme weather that includes thunderstorms and lightning is very hazardous to inflight operations, refueling, and rearming operations
- Turbulence: severe weather and clear air turbulence is a critical condition affecting all aviation assets and missions
- Visibility: lack of good visibility affects landings and take-offs, visual reconnaissance, target acquisition, E-O target designation, terminally guided munitions, and the ability to distribute scatterable mines
- Winds aloft: winds at flight altitudes always affects navigation and fuel consumption
Weather Effects on Electro-Optical Systems
- Weather parameters affecting E-O devices are numerous and the use of E-O systems is so widespread
- Weather effects on E-O systems include:
- Visibility: poor visibility affects visual sighting, laser range finding, and E-O target acquisition systems
- Windchill: see Appendix L for a discussion on windchill
Weather Effects on Intelligence and Electronic Warfare
- Weather effects on IEW operations include:
- Clouds and sky cover: overcast skies with low cloud bases reduce the effectiveness of infrared and photographic collection systems, and may restrict the use of UAVs
- Icing: ice is also a problem with electronic systems that depend on ice-free antennas for optimum operation
- Illumination: NVD require about a quarter (23 percent) of the moon, 30 degrees above the horizon, scattered clouds, and the sun more than 5 degrees below the horizon
- Precipitation: even moderate amounts of rain and snow will obstruct vision and degrade photographic and infrared collection systems
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Description
Quizzing on the deployment of weather equipment and personnel in Army operations, including surface and upper-air observations. Covers the roles of the Army and USAF in weather support and forecasting.
