Radikal bebas dan Vitamin

Organic molecules essential for various bodily functions, including growth and maintenance; they act as helpers to enzymes in energy release from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Vitamins that dissolve in water, including vitamins B (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, B6, folate, and B12) and vitamin C.

Vitamins that dissolve in fat, including vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Vitamins are involved in various processes; they aren't primary energy sources but assist enzymes in releasing energy.

Vitamins are classified as micronutrients due to their requirement in small amounts for essential body functions.

The body cannot create them, so they must be incorporated through food.

Commonly occur in elderly people, vegetarians, alcoholics, those with heart failure, or after recent bariatric surgery.

Toxicity from dietary sources is considered uncommon or unknown.

Acts as a cofactor for enzymes and an antioxidant; crucial for collagen synthesis, tyrosine breakdown, and catecholamine synthesis.

Results in scurvy (bleeding gums), mouth sores, connective tissue damage, bleeding, and tooth loss.

Potential role in prevention or treatment of common cold.

Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid are the three active forms in the body.

A water-soluble vitamin crucial for energy metabolism, acting as a coenzyme for enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.

The active form of thiamin, a coenzyme essential for cellular energy production.

An enzyme requiring thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), crucial for the pentose phosphate pathway, involved in energy metabolism and antioxidant processes.

A metabolic pathway essential for producing NADPH (important for antioxidant protection) and building blocks required for other cellular processes, requiring thiamin.

A coenzyme vital for antioxidant reactions and other essential cellular processes.

A lack of vitamin B1, leading to reduced energy production in cells, especially impacting nerve function.

Inactive forms of vitamins in food that are converted into active forms within the body.

The rate and extent to which a vitamin is absorbed and utilized by the body.

A group of compounds derived from vitamin A, including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid, essential for vision and cell function.

The conversion of retinol to retinal is reversible, but the conversion from retinal to retinoic acid is not.

Maintaining vision, participating in protein synthesis and cell differentiation, supporting reproduction, and regulating growth are essential roles of Vitamin A.

A precursor to vitamin A, acting as an antioxidant, involved in protein synthesis and cell differentiation.

Vitamin D is synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight from cholesterol precursors.

Vitamin E encompasses tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and tocotrienols, all acting as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.

Vitamin E prevents chronic diseases (like cancer) by protecting LDLs and reducing inflammation.

Vitamin K activates proteins (like protrombin) crucial for blood clotting and bone metabolism (osteocalcin).

Newborn babies have sterile intestines, requiring time for beneficial vitamin K-producing bacteria to develop.

Biotin carries carbon to pyruvate, replenishing oxaloacetate, which combines with acetyl CoA to keep the TCA cycle running.

Biotin participates in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and the breakdown of fatty acids and specific amino acids.

Pantothenic Acid is part of Coenzyme A (CoA), crucial in metabolic pathways, including the TCA cycle.

Vitamin B6 consists of three related compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxol, and pyridoxamine.

B6 helps convert carbs, fats, and proteins; it's vital for carbohydrate metabolism, glycogen breakdown, and blood sugar regulation; this function is further involved in lipid metabolism and protein synthesis.

Vitamin B6 is involved in the production of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen.

Vitamin B6 is part of the DNA and RNA synthesis process; this contributes to normal cell development and gene expression.

Vitamin B6 aids in neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine).

High homocysteine levels can affect heart health, and B6 helps convert it to a safer form.

Vitamin B6 supports skin cell regeneration and collagen formation, aiding in preventing and treating gastritis.

Vitamin B6 influences histamine production, which affects stomach acid production. Regulation helps reduce gastritis symptoms.

Vitamin B6 is crucial for digestive enzyme production, ensuring food breakdown and preventing digestive issues.

Vitamin B6 helps maintain the integrity of the stomach lining.

Rarely seen, but affects the prognosis of hormone-dependent cancers (breast, uterus, prostate).

If GI tract cells are damaged, then folate can be lost.

Folate needs are very high during pregnancy and whenever cells grow/divide.

Disrupts cell division and protein synthesis; important for growing tissues.

Vitamin B12 is vital for regenerating amino acids (like methionine) and DNA/RNA synthesis.

Vitamin B12 maintains protective nerve sheaths and aids nerve growth.

Vitamin B12 is involved in bone cell activity and metabolism.

Vitamin complex coenzymes like NAD, NADP and others depend on vitamins such as niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, folate and others.