Radikal bebas dan Vitamin
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Questions and Answers

Apa angka kecukupan harian untuk Vitamin A dalam RE?

  • 400 – 500 RE
  • 500 – 600 RE
  • 600 – 700 RE (correct)
  • 800 – 900 RE

Senyawa aktif manakah yang merupakan bentuk dari Vitamin D?

  • Piridoksin
  • Kalsiferol (correct)
  • Retinol
  • Tokoferol

Fase reaksi mana yang merupakan awal pembentukan radikal bebas?

  • Terminasi
  • Reduksi
  • Inisiasi (correct)
  • Propagasi

Apa peran utama molekul antioksidan dalam reaksi radikal bebas?

<p>Menyumbangkan elektron ke radikal bebas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin manakah yang memiliki angka kecukupan harian sebesar 400 mcg?

<p>Folat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa senyawa aktif yang termasuk dalam vitamin E?

<p>Tokoferol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apakah efek dari antioksidan setelah menyumbangkan elektron?

<p>Teroksidasi atau kehilangan elektron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Berapa angka kecukupan harian untuk vitamin B6?

<p>1.3 – 1.7 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dimaksud dengan vitamin dalam tubuh?

<p>Molekul organik dengan fungsi bervariasi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa fungsi utama vitamin dalam metabolisme?

<p>Membantu enzim dalam pelepasan energi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa perbedaan utama antara vitamin larut air dan larut lemak?

<p>Larut air mudah diserap dan tidak disimpan dalam tubuh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mengapa vitamin harus diperoleh dari makanan?

<p>Vitamin tidak dapat dihasilkan oleh tubuh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dimaksud dengan antioksidan?

<p>Zat yang melindungi sel dari kerusakan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang membedakan vitamin dari karbohidrat dan protein?

<p>Vitamin tidak menghasilkan energi saat dimetabolisme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang memengaruhi kebutuhan vitamin seseorang?

<p>Usia dan jenis kelamin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manakah dari vitamin berikut yang termasuk vitamin larut lemak?

<p>Vitamin A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa fungsi utama biotin dalam siklus TCA?

<p>Mengisi oksaloasetat dengan karbon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asam pantotenat berperan dalam sintesis senyawa apa?

<p>Koenzim A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin B6 berperan dalam metabolisme makronutrien, termasuk fungsi mana dari berikut ini?

<p>Pemecahan glikogen menjadi glukosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dihasilkan oleh Vitamin B6 terkait dengan kesehatan jantung?

<p>Pengurangan kadar homosistein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang bukan merupakan fungsi dari piridoksin?

<p>Sintesis lipid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biotin disintesis sebagian oleh bakteri di mana?

<p>Usus besar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Salah satu vitamin yang diperlukan dalam sintesis DNA dan RNA adalah?

<p>Piridoksin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa peran utama piridoksal fosfat dalam tubuh?

<p>Sebagai koenzim dalam metabolisme asam amino (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa peran utama vitamin B6 dalam sistem pencernaan?

<p>Membantu produksi enzim pencernaan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mengapa kebutuhan folat meningkat selama kehamilan?

<p>Karena sel-sel tubuh membelah dan berkembang (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dapat terjadi akibat kekurangan folat?

<p>Gangguan dalam pembelahan sel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa fungsi utama vitamin B12 dalam tubuh?

<p>Mendukung pertumbuhan serabut saraf (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dikenal sebagai defisiensi vitamin B6?

<p>Mempengaruhi prognosis beberapa jenis kanker (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apakah yang termasuk sumber vitamin B6?

<p>Daging, sayuran, dan padi dengan bekatul (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dalam proses metabolisme, vitamin B kompleks berfungsi sebagai apa?

<p>Koenzim dalam berbagai reaksi biokimia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dimaksud dengan jalur metabolisme katabolik?

<p>Menghasilkan energi dari asam lemak (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang sering terjadi bersamaan dengan defisiensi vitamin B?

<p>Kekurangan gizi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C berfungsi sebagai apa dalam tubuh?

<p>Kofaktor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dapat diakibatkan oleh defisiensi vitamin C?

<p>Skorbut (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa fungsi utama vitamin C dalam biosintesis?

<p>Sintesis kolagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa nama tiga bentuk aktif vitamin A di dalam tubuh?

<p>Retinol, Retinal, Asam retinoat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Siapa yang paling berisiko mengalami defisiensi vitamin B?

<p>Vegetarian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa salah satu peran vitamin C dalam sistem kekebalan tubuh?

<p>Membantu pembentukan kolagen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dapat dihasilkan dari hidroksilasi karnitin yang dibantu oleh vitamin C?

<p>Asam lemak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang termasuk dalam keluarga retinoid?

<p>Retinol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa peran utama beta-karoten dalam tubuh?

<p>Partisipasi dalam sintesis protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dapat menyebabkan pertumbuhan anak terhambat?

<p>Kekurangan vitamin A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa fungsi utama vitamin E?

<p>Mencegah penyakit kronis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dibutuhkan vitamin K untuk bekerja?

<p>Pengikatan mineral dalam tulang (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang merupakan sumber utama vitamin D?

<p>Sinar matahari (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apa yang dapat terjadi akibat kekurangan vitamin E jangka panjang?

<p>Disfungsi neuromuskuler (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mengapa bayi baru lahir memerlukan perhatian khusus terkait vitamin K?

<p>Karena saluran usus mereka steril (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vitamin

Organic molecules essential for various bodily functions, including regulating processes, supporting growth, and maintaining life. Cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food.

Vitamin Function

Vitamins aid enzymes in releasing energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, though they don't produce energy themselves.

Vitamin Classification

Classified as either water-soluble (B vitamins, Vitamin C) or fat-soluble (Vitamins A, D, E, K).

Water-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that dissolve in water and are easily absorbed. Often need regular intake.

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Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that dissolve in fat and are stored in the body, requiring less frequent intake.

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Micronutrients

Vitamins grouped into this category, essential in small amounts for various functions.

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Daily Vitamin Needs

Vary based on factors like age, gender, health conditions, and environmental factors.

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B Vitamin Deficiencies

Often co-occur and commonly affect elderly individuals, vegetarians, alcoholics, those with heart failure, and/or post-bariatric surgery patients.

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Toxicity of Vitamins from Food

The quantity of vitamins from food sources needed to reach toxic levels is unknown; in some cases, extremely large amounts from food can be required.

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Vitamin C Deficiency

Results in scurvy (bleeding gums), mouth sores, damage to connective tissues, bleeding, and tooth loss.

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Vitamin C Function

Vitamin C acts as a cofactor to aid specific enzymes; it also functions as an antioxidant.

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Vitamin C in Stress

Possible role in the prevention and remedy of the common cold and potentially other diseases (like cancer, heart disease, etc.).

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Vitamin C's Role as a Cofactor

Vitamin C aids in the formation of fibrous structural proteins from connective tissue, known as collagen.

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Vitamin C and Carnitine Hydroxylation

Vitamin C participates in the hydroxylation of carnitine, a molecule that transports fatty acids, mainly long-chain fatty acids, through inner mitochondrial membranes in cells.

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Vitamin C Conversion of Amino Acids

Vitamin C facilitates the conversion of amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine into neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine.

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Vitamin A Active Forms

Vitamin A exists in three active forms within the body: retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid.

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Biotin's role in TCA cycle

Biotin transfers carbon to 3-carbon pyruvate, replenishing 4-carbon oxaloacetate, facilitating the TCA cycle's continuation by combining with Acetyl CoA.

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Biotin's other functions

Biotin participates in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and the breakdown of certain fatty acids and amino acids.

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Pantothenic Acid's (B5) role

Pantothenic Acid is a component of Coenzyme A (CoA), crucial in several metabolic pathways, including the TCA cycle, lipid synthesis, neurotransmitter production, hormone steroid synthesis, and hemoglobin.

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Vitamin B6 Components

Vitamin B6 is made up of pyridoxal, pyridoxol, and pyridoxamine, three substituted pyrimidine groups.

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Coenzyme Piridoxal Phosphate (PLP) function

PLP acts as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and glycogen phosphorylase, important in gluconeogenesis from amino acids.

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Vitamin B6 role in macronutrient metabolism

Vitamin B6 is a cofactor in the formation, breakdown, and use of carbohydrates, fats, and protein; it's essential for carbohydrate metabolism, aiding in glycogen breakdown to glucose and blood sugar regulation. It's also involved in fatty acid synthesis and processing, and aids in amino acid synthesis and conversion.

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Vitamin B6's role in hemoglobin synthesis

Vitamin B6 is needed for the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.

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Vitamin B6's role in cellular functions

Vitamin B6 is involved in DNA and RNA synthesis and plays a role in gene expression regulation and normal cell development.

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Vitamin B6's role in nerve function

Vitamin B6 is involved in making neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, affecting mood, stress, and nerve function.

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Vitamin B6 and heart health

High homocysteine levels can raise heart disease risks, and vitamin B6 helps convert homocysteine into a safer compound.

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Vitamin A

Retinol, Retinaldehida, Asam Retinoat (Retinoid).

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Vitamin A Daily Value

600 – 700 RE (Retinol Equivalent)

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Vitamin D

Kalsiferol.

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Vitamin D Daily Value

15 mcg

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Vitamin E

Tokoferol, Tokotrienol

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Vitamin E Daily Value

15 mcg

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Vitamin K

Filokuinon

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Vitamin K Daily Value

55-65 mcg

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Vitamin B1

Tiamin  Tiamin Difosfat

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Vitamin B1 Daily Value

1.1 – 1.2 mg

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Vitamin B2

Riboflavin

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Vitamin B2 Daily Value

1.1 – 1.3 mg

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Vitamin B3

Niasin (Asam Nikotinat, Nikotinamida)

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Vitamin B3 Daily Value

14 – 16 mg

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Vitamin B5

Asam Pantotenat

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Vitamin B5 Daily Value

5.0 mg

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Vitamin B6

Piridoksin, Piridoksal, Piridoksamin, derivatives

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Vitamin B6 Daily Value

1.3 – 1.7 mg

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Vitamin B12

Kobalamin

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Vitamin B12 Daily Value

4.0 mcg

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Folate

Tetra Hidrofolat

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Folate Daily Value

400 mcg

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Vitamin H

Biotin

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Vitamin H Daily Value

30 mcg

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Vitamin C

Asam Askorbat

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Vitamin C Daily Value

75 – 90 mg

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Kolin

Important for nerve function and cell membrane structure

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Kolin Daily Value

400 – 550 mg

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Radical

Highly reactive species with unpaired electrons

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Antioxidant

Molecules that prevent oxidation of other molecules

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Radical Initiation

The starting step in radical formation

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Radical Propagation

Chain reaction of free radicals

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Radical Termination

Final step in radical reaction

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Retinoids

A group of compounds derived from vitamin A, supporting vision and skin health.

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Carotenoids

Plant-derived compounds converted to vitamin A (retinol).

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Retinol to Retinal Conversion

A reversible process. A key step in vitamin A's functions.

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Retinal to Retinoic Acid Conversion

Irreversible process, essential for cell function.

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Vitamin A role in Vision

Essential for maintaining normal vision.

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Beta-Carotene's role

Precursor to vitamin A, important for protein synthesis and cell differentiation.

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Vitamin A and Reproduction/Growth

Essential for growth, particularly in male reproductive development and fetal development.

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Vitamin D Production

Created by the body with the help of sunlight from cholesterol precursors.

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Vitamin E subgroups

Tocopherols and tocotrienols, with four members each.

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Vitamin E function

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, protecting against chronic diseases.

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Vitamin E and LDL

Protects LDL from oxidation, reducing heart disease risk.

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Vitamin K role in blood

Activates proteins, including prothrombin, essential for blood clotting.

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Vitamin K role in bones

Participates in bone protein metabolism, important for bone health, by affecting osteocalcin.

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Vitamin K in newborns

Newborns have sterile intestines, so vitamin K production takes time to start.

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Vitamin B6 role in skin

Vitamin B6 supports skin cell regeneration and collagen production, helping prevent and treat gastritis.

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Vitamin B6 role in stomach acid

Vitamin B6 plays a role in histamine metabolism, influencing stomach acid production, potentially reducing gastritis symptoms.

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Vitamin B6 role in digestion

Vitamin B6 is necessary for digestive enzyme production and efficient food breakdown, preventing digestive issues.

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Vitamin B6 and stomach lining

Vitamin B6 helps maintain the integrity of the stomach lining.

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Vitamin B6 deficiency

Rarely found, can affect the prognosis of hormone-dependent cancers (e.g., breast, uterus, prostate).

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Folate and GI tract damage

Folate loss can occur when the GI tract (gastrointestinal) lining is damaged.

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Folate needs during pregnancy

Folate requirements significantly increase during pregnancy due to rapid cell growth.

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Folate and cell division

Folate is crucial for cell division and protein synthesis, especially in growing tissues.

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Vitamin B12 and amino acid regeneration

Vitamin B12 assists in regenerating the amino acid methionine and is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, relying on folate.

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Vitamin B12 and nerve function

Vitamin B12 maintains the protective covering around nerve fibers, promoting nerve growth.

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Vitamin B12 and bone health

Vitamin B12 plays a role in bone cell activity and metabolism.

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Co-enzyme NAD and NADP

NAD and NADP are co-enzymes dependent on vitamin niacin.

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Co-enzyme FMN and FAD

FMN and FAD are co-enzymes dependent on riboflavin (vitamin B2).

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Co-enzyme TPP

TPP is a co-enzyme dependent on Thiamine (vitamin B1).

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Co-enzyme THF

THF is a co-enzyme dependent on Folate.

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Co-enzyme CoA

CoA is a co-enzyme dependent on Pantothenic acid.

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Co-enzyme PLP

PLP is a co-enzyme dependent on Vitamin B6.

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Co-enzyme B12

B12 is a co-enzyme itself.

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Co-enzyme Biotin

Biotin is a co-enzyme.

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Study Notes

Vitamin dan Antioksidan

  • Vitamin adalah molekul organik yang diperlukan dalam jumlah kecil untuk berbagai fungsi biokimia dalam tubuh, seperti kofaktor enzim, koenzim, diferensiasi sel, dan antioksidan.
  • Vitamin tidak dapat disintesis oleh tubuh dan harus diperoleh dari makanan.
  • Kebutuhan vitamin bervariasi tergantung usia, jenis kelamin, kondisi fisiologis (kehamilan, menyusui, aktivitas berat, infeksi), dan faktor geografis/lingkungan.
  • Vitamin dapat larut dalam air atau larut dalam lemak.
  • Vitamin larut air meliputi vitamin B (thiamin, riboflavin, niasin, biotin, asam pantotenat, vitamin B6, folat, dan vitamin B12) dan vitamin C.
  • Vitamin larut lemak meliputi vitamin A, D, E, dan K.
  • Beberapa vitamin tersedia dalam bentuk prekursor yang tidak aktif dalam makanan, yang diubah menjadi bentuk aktif di dalam tubuh.
  • Vitamin berbeda dengan karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein karena tidak menghasilkan energi saat dimetabolisme, tetapi membantu enzim yang terlibat dalam pelepasan energi dari karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein.
  • Vitamin penting untuk metabolisme energi, terutama dalam metabolisme karbohidrat dan lemak, serta berperan dalam sintesis protein, pembentukan sel, kesehatan saraf, jantung, dan kulit.

Sifat-Sifat Vitamin

  • Vitamin memiliki sifat yang berbeda tergantung pada kelarutannya (larut air atau larut lemak).
  • Vitamin larut dalam air dikeluarkan melalui ginjal.
  • Vitamin larut dalam lemak disimpan di dalam jaringan tubuh dan dikeluarkan lebih lambat.

Fungsi Vitamin

  • Vitamin berperan dalam metabolisme karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein.
  • Vitamin berperan dalam berbagai reaksi enzimatik untuk sintesis protein dan pembentukan sel.
  • Vitamin berperan dalam kesehatan saraf dan fungsi otak.
  • Vitamin berperan dalam mempertahankan dan memelihara kesehatan jantung.
  • Vitamin berperan dalam pertumbuhan sel-sel kulit dan pembentukan kolagen.
  • Vitamin berperan dalam metabolisme energi sel.
  • Vitamin berperan dalam mendukung fungsi sel tulang, sintesis hemooglobin, dan menjaga metabolisme.

Perbedaan Vitamin Larut Air dan Larut Lemak

  • Perbedaan utama adalah bagaimana mereka diserap dan diangkut dalam tubuh, serta bagaimana cara tubuh menyimpan dan mengeluarkannya.

Perbedaan Antioksidan dan Radikal Bebas

  • Radikal bebas adalah molekul yang tidak stabil dan reaktif dengan elektron yang tidak berpasangan. Mereka dapat merusak sel-sel tubuh.
  • Antioksidan adalah molekul yang memberikan elektron kepada radikal bebas untuk menetralkannya dan mencegah kerusakan.
  • Antioksidan membantu mengurangi kerusakan oksidatif pada sel.

Jenis-Jenis Vitamin B

  • Thiamin (B1): Penting dalam metabolisme karbohidrat dan merupakan kofaktor untuk enzim piruvat dehidrogenase.
  • Riboflavin (B2): Penting dalam metabolisme energi dan merupakan bagian dari FAD dan FMN.
  • Niasin (B3): Penting dalam metabolisme energi dan merupakan bagian dari NAD dan NADP.
  • Asam Pantotenat (B5): Bagian dari koenzim A (CoA), yang terlibat dalam metabolisme karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein.
  • Piridoksin (B6): Berperan penting dalam metabolisme protein dan asam amino.
  • Biotin: Berperan sebagai kofaktor dalam beberapa enzim yang terlibat dalam metabolisme karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein.
  • Asam Folat: Penting dalam sintesis DNA, RNA, dan sel baru.
  • Kobalamin (B12): Penting dalam metabolisme protein, asam lemak, dan sintesis asam nukleat.

Vitamin C

  • Vitamin C bertindak sebagai kofaktor yang membantu enzim tertentu dalam tubuh.
  • Vitamin C berfungsi sebagai antioksidan.
  • Vitamin C diperlukan untuk berbagai reaksi metabolik seperti sintesis kolagen, pemecahan tirosin, sintesis katekolamin, biosintesis asam empedu, dan membantu penyerapan besi.
  • Kekurangan vitamin C dapat menyebabkan skorbut.

Vitamin D

  • Vitamin D diproduksi dalam kulit dengan bantuan sinar matahari, atau diperoleh melalui makanan.
  • Vitamin D penting untuk mineralisasi tulang, yaitu pengaturan keseimbangan kalsium dan fosfor.
  • Kekurangan vitamin D dapat menyebabkan rakhitis pada anak-anak atau osteomalasia pada orang dewasa.

Vitamin E

  • Vitamin E merupakan antioksidan yang larut dalam lemak.
  • Vitamin E berperan melindungi membran sel dan mencegah kerusakan oksidatif.
  • Vitamin E dapat membantu mencegah penyakit kronis seperti kanker dan penyakit jantung.
  • Kekurangan vitamin E dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sel dan jaringan tertentu.

Vitamin K

  • Vitamin K berperan penting dalam pembekuan darah dan dalam menjaga keteraturan dan kesehatan metabolisme protein.
  • Vitamin K berperan dalam sintesis protein dalam tubuh.

Radikal Bebas vs Antioksidan

  • Radikal bebas adalah molekul yang memiliki elektron tidak berpasangan dan reaktif menyebabkan kerusakan sel.
  • Antioksidan adalah molekul yang menyumbangkan elektron ke radikal bebas sehingga menstabilkannya dan mencegah kerusakan sel.

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