Ways of the World: AP Global History
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Paleolithic' refer to?

The old stone age, associated with a food-collecting or gathering and hunting way of life.

What significant period in human history followed the Paleolithic era?

  • Renaissance
  • Age of Agriculture (correct)
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Gold Age

    • Homo sapiens first emerged in Europe.

    False

    What major evolutionary milestone is associated with Homo habilis?

    <p>Making and using simple stone tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'homininae' refers to members of the ______ family.

    <p>hominid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early hominins primarily rely on for sustenance before the Agricultural Revolution?

    <p>Gathering wild foods and hunting wild animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a major consequence of the Agricultural Revolution?

    <p>The emergence of large-scale civilizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Homo erectus begin to migrate out of Africa?

    <p>About 1 million years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hominid species with their associated skills or characteristics:

    <p>Homo habilis = Simple stone tools Homo erectus = Controlled use of fire Homo sapiens = Symbolic language Homininae = Bipedalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'c.e.' stand for?

    <p>Common Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agricultural peoples generally lived in large urban societies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar?

    <p>Muhammad's forced relocation from Mecca to Medina in 622 c.e.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hadza people of Tanzania are one of the last groups to live a settled agricultural lifestyle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period referred to as 'Paleolithic'?

    <p>Old Stone Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long ago did the Agricultural or Neolithic Revolution begin?

    <p>Around 12,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred around 12,000 years ago?

    <p>Paleolithic Era Transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The way of life of the Hadza people is primarily based on __________.

    <p>hunting and gathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paleolithic societies are well-documented due to abundant written records.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym 'BP' stand for?

    <p>Before Present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these regions was last settled by humans?

    <p>New Zealand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the world population approximately 30,000 years ago?

    <p>500,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of economy did Paleolithic bands rely on?

    <p>Gathering and hunting economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paleolithic societies had formal leaders such as kings or bureaucrats.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women in Paleolithic societies primarily filled the role of __________.

    <p>food gatherers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the diet among the San people comes from plants?

    <p>70 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with Paleolithic societies.

    <p>Nomadic lifestyle = Frequent movement in search of resources Gender roles = Men as hunters and women as gatherers Social structure = Egalitarian with no formal leaders Division of labor = Relative equality between the sexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paleolithic societies had a high rate of fatal violence compared to later civilizations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major environmental change influenced the settlement of Paleolithic peoples?

    <p>The end of the last Ice Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant element of spirituality is found in Paleolithic culture?

    <p>Shamanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary role of shamans in Paleolithic societies?

    <p>To perform ceremonies and connect with the spirit world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ figurines from the Paleolithic era indicate a strong feminine dimension in their religious thought.

    <p>Venus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'original affluent society' refer to?

    <p>Gathering and hunting societies that needed little to meet their material desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials were used to construct partially underground dwellings?

    <p>Bones and tusks of mammoths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the Venus figurines typically depict?

    <p>Female form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The earliest human migration to Australia occurred about 60,000 years ago.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The population of Australia was estimated at about ______ in 1788.

    <p>300,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complex worldview of Aboriginal Australians known as?

    <p>The Dreamtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Clovis culture primarily rely on for subsistence?

    <p>Hunting large mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant factor contributed to the extinction of many species after the Clovis culture disappeared?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Austronesian migrations to the Pacific begin?

    <p>About 3,500 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Austronesian-speaking people were primarily hunter-gatherers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The last phase of human migration, involving Austronesian-speaking people, finalized human settlement in ______.

    <p>New Zealand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated people to experiment with agriculture during global warming?

    <p>The need for additional food, possibly due to a food crisis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Klaus Schmidt argue about Göbekli Tepe?

    <p>It may have stimulated the development of agriculture in the area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some common patterns that facilitated the Agricultural Revolution?

    <p>Disappearance of large mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many plant species in the world have been successfully domesticated?

    <p>Several hundred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following crops supply more than half of the calories that sustain human life?

    <p>Rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agriculture developed uniformly across the world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the first tools used in the initial way of life in agriculture?

    <p>The digging stick or hoe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area was the Agricultural Revolution first favored?

    <p>Fertile Crescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Göbekli Tepe?

    <p>A monumental ceremonial site in southern Turkey constructed by gathering and hunting people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the primary activities of the people who constructed Göbekli Tepe?

    <p>Hunting and gathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Göbekli Tepe shows evidence of permanent human habitation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change did settling down among gathering and hunting peoples represent?

    <p>A major turn in human history away from nomadic journeys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Neolithic Revolution' refer to?

    <p>The deliberate cultivation of plants and taming of animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the results of agriculture according to the text?

    <p>New diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agriculture represented a revolutionary transformation of human life all across the planet and provided the foundation for almost everything that followed: growing populations, settled villages, _____, cities, states, empires, civilizations, writing.

    <p>animal-borne diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'intensification' mean in the agricultural context?

    <p>Getting more food and resources from a smaller area of land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the Agricultural Revolution considered a late phenomenon in human history?

    <p>Humans were primarily nomadic for millennia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the emergence of agriculture after the Ice Age?

    <p>Climate change created favorable conditions for farming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Turning Points in Early World History

    • Human storytelling has shaped narratives from myths and legends to modern history, highlighting significant beginnings in humanity's journey.
    • Four major "beginnings" define the initial stages of human history, shaped by evolutionary processes.

    Emergence of Humankind

    • Human evolution diverged from chimpanzees around 5 to 6 million years ago in eastern and southern Africa, resulting in various hominid species.
    • Bipedalism was a common trait among these hominids, enabling upright walking.
    • Mary Leakey's discovery of 3.5 million-year-old footprints in Tanzania illustrates early human behavior and social connections.
    • Around 2.3 million years ago, Homo habilis began creating simple stone tools and adopting meat consumption.
    • Homo erectus, migrating out of Africa about 1 million years ago, exhibited controlled use of fire and widespread habitation in Eurasia.
    • Homo sapiens emerged around 250,000 years ago, initially residing in Africa, and began global migration after 100,000 years ago.

    Globalization of Humankind

    • Half a million years ago, Homo sapiens were non-existent, and 100,000 years ago, they were limited to Africa with a population below 10,000.
    • The Paleolithic era, or the "Old Stone Age," lasted until approximately 11,000 years ago and covered over 95% of human history, marked by a gathering and hunting lifestyle.
    • During this era, humans adapted to diverse environments, exhibiting technological advancements and cultural developments through art and rituals.

    Revolution of Farming and Herding

    • Agriculture and animal domestication began around 11,000 years ago, drastically changing human survival methods.
    • The agricultural revolution laid the groundwork for significant societal transformations, enabling larger populations.
    • Farming practices varied globally, with some cultures thriving on root crops while others focused on grains or relied on pastures and livestock.
    • The Americas faced limitations in domesticated animals, unlike Afro-Eurasian societies that saw ongoing interactions between settled agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists.

    Turning Point of Civilization

    • The Agricultural Revolution led to the formation of civilizations, complex societies centered in cities governed by states beginning around 3500 B.C.E.
    • Civilizations, emerging multiple times globally, became dominant forces in human history, driving empires, cultural traditions, technology, social stratification, and warfare.
    • The relationship between civilizations and the Agricultural Revolution raises questions about human development and societal evolution.

    A Note on Dates

    • The use of B.C.E. (Before Common Era) as a standard dating convention replaces B.C. to reduce Eurocentric references, linking chronology to the birth of Jesus while using C.E. (Common Era) for subsequent dates.
    • Other cultures have distinct ways of measuring time, such as the Chinese dating events by emperors' reigns and the Islamic calendar based on Muhammad's migration in 622 C.E.### Human Entry to Americas and Migration Patterns
    • Humans entered the Americas between 30,000 and 15,000 BP.
    • Reliable evidence of human settlement in the Americas is established by 12,500 BP.
    • Initial migrations out of Africa date back to 100,000-60,000 BP.

    Societal Transitions

    • The transition from foraging to farming reflects the Agricultural or Neolithic Revolution around 12,000 years ago.
    • The earliest forms of agriculture emerged in various regions, marked by the domestication of key crops like corn and potatoes.
    • Notable early civilizations include the Olmec, Norte Chico, and the agricultural breakthrough in Chinese civilization.

    Key Civilizations and Cultural Developments

    • Gobekli Tepe and Çatalhüyük represent significant early human settlements.
    • The Lascaux caves in France house notable Paleolithic art, showing early human creativity.
    • Central Asian, Indus Valley, Ancient Egyptian, and Nubian civilizations thrived during the transition from foraging lifestyles.

    Significant Timeframes

    • Earliest known Homo sapiens appeared in Africa around 250,000 BP.
    • Human entry into Australia occurred between 60,000 and 40,000 BP.
    • Land bridges, created by lower sea levels during the Ice Age, facilitated migration between continents.

    The Hadza People

    • The Hadza of northern Tanzania exemplify modern foraging lifestyles, relying on hunting, gathering, and fishing.
    • Their existence highlights the cultural implications of traditional ways of life facing extinction due to external pressures.

    Evidence of Early Human Practices

    • Human innovations such as stone tools, planned settlements, and symbolic behaviors, evidenced by body ornaments and burial practices, emerged in Africa.
    • The Blombos Cave featured early ochre workshops, showing advanced human behavior as early as 100,000 years ago.

    Cultural and Technological Innovations

    • Migration patterns led to advancements like bone tools and pottery in areas like Central Europe and Ukraine.
    • The creation of cave paintings and Venus figurines suggests sophisticated artistic and cultural expressions among Paleolithic societies.

    Aboriginal Australians

    • Migration to Australia involved the use of boats, showcasing early maritime skills.
    • By the late 18th century, the Aboriginal population numbered around 300,000, maintaining diverse languages and traditional foraging techniques.
    • The Dreamtime reflects the complex worldview of Aboriginal culture.### Dreamtime and Aboriginal Cultures
    • Dreamtime represents the creation stories of Aboriginal Australians, highlighting ancestral beings who shaped the land.
    • It illustrates deep connections between people, animals, and the environment, emphasizing the vibrational nature of existence.

    Human Migration Patterns

    • Homo sapiens originated in Africa approximately 250,000 years ago and dispersed to different continents over the next 100,000 years.
    • Migration into the Americas began between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago, likely via the Bering Strait or coastal routes.
    • Evidence of human presence in southern Chile dates back to about 12,500 years ago.

    Clovis Culture

    • Clovis culture emerged around 13,000 years ago, known for distinctive projectile points used in hunting large mammals, including mammoths and bison.
    • Their widespread distribution denotes cultural diffusion and regional communication among groups.
    • Clovis culture disappeared around the time of megafaunal extinctions, sparking debates about overhunting versus climate change as factors.

    Adaptation and Cultural Diversity

    • Following the Clovis period, diverse cultures developed as groups adapted to new environmental conditions, including hunting smaller mammals and gathering edible plants.
    • Communities in various regions maintained subsistence lifestyles while some transitioned to agriculture and urbanization.

    Austronesian Migration

    • Austronesian migrations began approximately 3,500 years ago from Island regions, successfully settling the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
    • These migrations involved agricultural practices, utilizing canoes, and exemplified advanced navigational skills.
    • Austronesians created hierarchical societies, as seen in ancient Hawaiian culture, and contributed to the extinction of many indigenous animal species.

    Characteristics of Paleolithic Societies

    • Small, kinship-based bands characterized Paleolithic societies, typically consisting of 25-50 individuals.
    • These groups were seasonally mobile, relying on wild resources, and lacked significant social hierarchies or wealth disparities.
    • Gender roles were somewhat equal, with women contributing significantly to food provision through gathering.

    Social Dynamics

    • Despite their communal nature, Paleolithic societies experienced conflict rooted in competition for resources, gender dynamics, and social tensions.
    • Approx. 15% of deaths in these societies were due to violence, a higher rate compared to later civilizations governed by state control.

    Insights from Early Encounters

    • European explorers, such as Captain James Cook, described Aboriginal Australians as content and untroubled by wealth inequalities.
    • However, colonization led to disruption of these societies and the introduction of competitive violence and social hierarchies.

    Conclusion

    • Despite their simplicity, Paleolithic societies had structured social systems, which, like all human cultures, encompassed both cooperation and conflict.

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