AP World History Chapter 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What did Han Wudi emphasize during his reign?

  • Legalism
  • Centralization and expansion (correct)
  • Decentralization
  • Isolationism
  • The Han Dynasty had uninterrupted peace through all its reign.

    False

    Who was the author of the Arthashastra?

    Kautalya

    What significant bureaucratic structure was established during the Han Dynasty?

    <p>Confucian educational system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reign of Wang Mang is notable for ________.

    <p>land reforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What religion did Vardhamana Mahavira found?

    <p>Jainism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which empire did Ashoka Maurya belong to?

    <p>Maurya Dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minoan society was known for its advanced writing system, Linear B.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their contributions:

    <p>Socrates = Encouraged ethical reflection Plato = The theory of Forms Aristotle = Rules of logic Pericles = Popular democratic leader of Athens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'Pax Romana' refers to the ________.

    <p>Roman Peace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of Zhang Qian's mission to the west?

    <p>To inform Han Wudi of the possibility of establishing trade relations with Bactria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which goods traveled west along the Silk Roads?

    <p>Spices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Buddhism first appeared in oasis towns of Central Asia along the Silk Roads.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the population of the Roman Empire from the first to tenth centuries C.E. due to epidemic diseases?

    <p>The population dropped by a quarter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one effect of the internal decay of the Roman Empire?

    <p>The rise of the barracks emperors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following religions with their spreads.

    <p>Buddhism = Central Asia and China Christianity = Mediterranean basin Manichaeism = Mesopotamia and East Mediterranean Hinduism = Southeast Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the Huns on the Western Roman Empire?

    <p>They destabilized the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mesopotamia refer to?

    <p>The land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the emergence of social classes in Mesopotamian urban society?

    <p>The development of states and political authorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sumerians constructed elaborate __________ networks by 5000 BCE.

    <p>irrigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of the Harappan society?

    <p>Standardized weights and measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following were the two main cities of early Harappan society?

    <p>Harappa and Mohenjo-daro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary religion of the Aryans during their early period in India?

    <p>Oral traditions and worship of gods such as Indra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mandate of heaven was a concept developed during the Zhou dynasty.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Lawbook of Manu primarily address?

    <p>Moral behavior and social relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the legendary founder of the Xia dynasty?

    <p>King Yu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first emperor of unified China was __________.

    <p>Qin Shihuangdi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Qin dynasty is known for its harsh legalist policies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 2: Early Societies in Southwest Asia and Indo-European Migrations

    • Urban societies emerged in Southwest Asia around 4000 BCE, specifically in Mesopotamia.
    • Political authorities established to resolve conflicts as cities expanded, leading to the formation of states and empires.
    • Emergence of social classes created complex social and economic structures in Mesopotamia.
    • The Sumerians, dominant people in the region, built the world's first cities and started constructing elaborate irrigation networks around 5000 BCE.
    • By 3000 BCE, Sumerian population approached 100,000, and cultural and economic centers developed in cities like Ur and Uruk.
    • The term "Mesopotamia" means "the land between rivers," referring to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers' fertile valleys, pivotal for agriculture.
    • Phoenicians engaged in maritime trade, linking Southwest Asia with the Mediterranean, and Indo-European migrations significantly influenced the region.

    Chapter 4: Early Societies in South Asia

    • Neolithic villages in the Indus River Valley date back to around 3000 BCE, with limited remains due to natural barriers.
    • Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, known for fortified citadels, granaries, and advanced urban planning.
    • Harappan society featured standardized systems in weights, measures, architecture, and social structures, emphasizing fertility in religious beliefs.
    • Decline began around 1900 BCE due to ecological degradation or natural disasters, leading to population abandonment of cities by 1700 BCE.
    • Early Aryans, migrating into India, relied on pastoral economies and oral traditions, giving rise to the Vedic Age (1500-500 BCE).
    • The caste system structured society into hereditary classes (varna)–including priests, warriors, merchants, and landless peasants–with subcastes (jati) emerging later.
    • Patriarchal society developed, as emphasized in the Lawbook of Manu, detailing women’s roles and duties.

    Chapter 5: Early Societies in Mainland East Asia

    • The Yellow River, known as “China's Sorrow,” presented both fertile land and destructive flooding.
    • The Xia dynasty is legendary, established around 2200 BCE, primarily attributed to King Yu's flood control efforts.
    • The Shang dynasty (1766-1122 BCE) saw significant advances in bronze metallurgy, writing, and military organization, with numerous archaeological findings.
    • The Zhou dynasty emerged post-Shang, introducing the “Mandate of Heaven” to justify rule based on virtue.
    • Iron metallurgy expanded through China in the first millennium BCE, affecting military and agriculture.
    • A vast network of social hierarchy included elite rulers, artisans, merchants, and peasants, all tied together by family and patriarchal structures.

    Chapter 8: The Unification of China

    • Confucius (551-479 BCE) emphasized moral values and social order, focusing on the cultivation of “junzi” (superior individuals).
    • Key Confucian principles included ren (humanity), li (propriety), and xiao (filial piety).
    • Daoism, founded by Laozi, advocated harmony with nature, promoting passivity and simplicity through the doctrine of wuwei.
    • Legalism, exemplified by figures like Shang Yang and Han Feizi, prioritized statecraft and pragmatic governance through strict regulation.
    • The Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE), led by Qin Shihuangdi, established centralized rule, standardized systems, and built massive projects like the Great Wall.
    • The dynasty faced rebellion due to harsh policies and public dissatisfaction, leading to its collapse.
    • During the early Han dynasty, Liu Bang restored order and expanded the empire, leading to economic prosperity and eventual social discontent.

    Chapter 9: State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

    • The Mauryan dynasty unified India temporarily after Alexander the Great’s withdrawal, with Chandragupta Maurya's conquest beginning in the 320s BCE.
    • Kautala’s “Arthashastra” provided a manual for governance and administration.
    • Ashoka Maurya (268-232 BCE), a significant ruler, expanded the empire and implemented policies promoting stability and welfare, inscribing edicts on pillars.
    • Post-Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire declined due to financial issues, paving the way for the Gupta revival in the early centuries CE.
    • The Kushan dynasty succeeded in controlling Northwest India, reaching its peak under Emperor Kanishka (78-103 CE).### Gupta Dynasty and Silk Road Trade
    • Founded by Chandra Gupta (375-415 C.E.), the Gupta dynasty played a crucial role in the Silk Road trading network.
    • More decentralized compared to the Maurya dynasty, the Gupta faced invasions from the White Huns, leading to its decline.
    • Post the fifth century C.E., the Gupta dynasty existed nominally with regional kingdoms dominating.

    Economic Transformation and Social Structure

    • Towns developed across India after 600 B.C.E., facilitating trade of manufactured products and luxury goods, especially along the Ganges.
    • Economic exchanges included trade with Persia, China, the Indian Ocean basin, and Mediterranean regions.
    • The caste system evolved with new social groups of craftsmen, artisans, and merchants forming sub castes, or jati.
    • Vaishyas and shudras experienced increased wealth, while old Aryan beliefs became less relevant.

    Religious Dynamics in Classical India

    • Jainism emerged under Vardhamana Mahavira (5th century B.C.E.), promoting principles of nonviolence (ahimsa) and soul purity, though deemed too demanding compared to Brahmanic traditions.
    • Early Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.E.), emphasizing the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and personal salvation (nirvana).
    • Buddhism appealed to lower castes by rejecting caste hierarchies and using vernacular languages, leading to rapid growth supported by monastic organizations.
    • Mahayana Buddhism evolved with a focus on the bodhisattva ideal and increased lay participation, distinguishing it from early Buddhism.

    Development of Hinduism

    • The epics Mahabharata and Ramayana were revised to align with Hindu beliefs, highlighting the god Vishnu in the former.
    • The Bhagavad Gita encapsulates Hindu ethical teachings and the quest for salvation through fulfilling caste duties.
    • Hinduism gradually supplanted Buddhism in India, promoting a philosophy centered on caste responsibilities.

    Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

    • Minoan society flourished on Crete (late third millennium B.C.E. to 1450 B.C.E.), becoming a hub of Mediterranean trade influenced by Phoenicia and Egypt.
    • Mycenaean culture (2000 B.C.E.) arose, adapting Minoan scripts and expanding influence into Anatolia and the Mediterranean.
    • Greek city-states (poleis) emerged, exemplified by Sparta and Athens, with contrasting social structures and political systems.
    • The Persian Wars (500-479 B.C.E.) solidified Greek unity against external threats, notably during battles like Marathon and Salamis.

    Expansion of the Roman Republic and Empire

    • Rome, founded in 753 B.C.E., transitioned from a monarchy to a republic in 509 B.C.E., creating a constitution that included consuls and the Senate.
    • Tensions between patricians and plebeians resulted in tribunes gaining power to protect plebeian interests.
    • Roman expansion included conflicts with Carthage during the Punic Wars, establishing dominance in the Mediterranean.
    • The transition to empire involved significant figures like Julius Caesar and his assassination, establishing Octavian (Augustus) as the first emperor.

    Roman Economy and Society

    • Trade flourished across the Mediterranean with specialized agricultural production from latifundia and developed urban infrastructure in Rome.
    • The cosmopolitan city of Rome saw wealth distributed unevenly, leading to social tensions exemplified by the phrase "bread and circuses" to placate the poor.
    • Slavery was a significant part of society, with large proportions of the population in servitude, influenced by events like Spartacus's uprising.

    Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

    • Trade routes connected China to the Roman Empire, facilitating the flow of goods such as silk, spices, and jewelry.
    • Buddhism spread along these routes, becoming established in Central Asia and China, supported by missionaries and monasteries.
    • Christianity also expanded via trade, with significant growth in the Mediterranean; Nestorian communities developed in Central Asia.
    • Epidemic diseases, such as smallpox and measles, reduced populations significantly in both the Roman Empire and China.

    Decline of Empires

    • The Han dynasty faced internal strife and was ultimately divided into three kingdoms by 220 C.E. after general factions gained control.
    • The Roman Empire struggled with leadership crises, marked by barracks emperors, leading to its eventual division under Diocletian and Constantine.
    • Germanic invasions culminated in the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 C.E.), while Eastern Roman authority persisted, laying foundations for future Byzantine dominance.

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    Review the key concepts and events from Chapter 2 of AP World History, focusing on early societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European migrations. These flashcards cover the emergence of urban societies, political authorities, and state-building in Mesopotamia.

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