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Questions and Answers
In a transverse wave, what is the direction of particle oscillation relative to the direction of energy propagation?
In a transverse wave, what is the direction of particle oscillation relative to the direction of energy propagation?
Light is composed of energy packets with mass.
Light is composed of energy packets with mass.
False (B)
What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?
What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
The number of wavelengths passing through a point in one second is known as the __________, and is measured in Hertz (Hz).
The number of wavelengths passing through a point in one second is known as the __________, and is measured in Hertz (Hz).
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What happens to light when it travels from a less optically dense medium to a more optically dense medium?
What happens to light when it travels from a less optically dense medium to a more optically dense medium?
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Air has an optical density of approximately 0.0.
Air has an optical density of approximately 0.0.
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What happens in longitudinal waves when particles are spread out?
What happens in longitudinal waves when particles are spread out?
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Match the following terms related to waves with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to waves with their descriptions:
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What phenomenon occurs when light waves are completely out of phase, resulting in no light?
What phenomenon occurs when light waves are completely out of phase, resulting in no light?
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Convex lenses have a diverging effect on light.
Convex lenses have a diverging effect on light.
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In the context of lenses, what is the term referring to the distance that determines the degree of bending and image formation?
In the context of lenses, what is the term referring to the distance that determines the degree of bending and image formation?
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The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its ______.
The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its ______.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is the formula to calculate the energy of a photon?
Which of the following is the formula to calculate the energy of a photon?
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In ray tracing for concave lenses, if the image is on the opposite side of the lens from the object, it is a real image.
In ray tracing for concave lenses, if the image is on the opposite side of the lens from the object, it is a real image.
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What type of image is formed by a concave lens?
What type of image is formed by a concave lens?
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In the thin lens formula, the object position is represented by ______.
In the thin lens formula, the object position is represented by ______.
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Which of the following is the correct mathematical representation of the thin lens formula?
Which of the following is the correct mathematical representation of the thin lens formula?
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Flashcards
Longitudinal Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Waves with particles oscillating in the same direction as energy transfer.
Transverse Waves
Transverse Waves
Waves with particles oscillating perpendicular to energy propagation.
Amplitude
Amplitude
The maximum vertical deviation from the midpoint in a wave.
Wavelength
Wavelength
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Frequency
Frequency
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Reflection
Reflection
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Refraction
Refraction
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Snell's Law
Snell's Law
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Diffraction
Diffraction
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Constructive Interference
Constructive Interference
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Destructive Interference
Destructive Interference
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Double-slit experiment
Double-slit experiment
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Photon Energy Formula
Photon Energy Formula
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Convex Lens
Convex Lens
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Concave Lens
Concave Lens
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Ray Tracing
Ray Tracing
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Thin Lens Formula
Thin Lens Formula
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Diffraction Pattern
Diffraction Pattern
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Study Notes
Wave Theory
- Two types of waves exist: longitudinal and transverse.
- Longitudinal waves have particles oscillating back and forth in the same direction as energy transfer.
- Compressions occur when particles are closer together.
- Rarefractions occur when particles are spread out.
- Transverse waves have particles oscillating perpendicular to energy propagation.
- Amplitude is the wave's vertical deviation from the midpoint.
- Wavelength is the length of one complete wave cycle.
- Frequency is the number of wavelengths passing a point per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
- Period is the time taken for one wave to pass a point.
- Wave velocity is directly proportional to its frequency and wavelength (V = f x λ).
Light Theory
- Light comprises photons, energy packets with zero mass (m = 0).
- Light speed (c) is constant at 3 x 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum.
- Light travels in straight lines in a vacuum, but bending can occur due to strong gravitational fields (not relevant for GAMSAT).
Reflection
- Reflection is light bouncing off a surface.
- Angle of incidence is the angle between the incoming ray and the normal (perpendicular to the surface).
- Angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
- Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection.
Refraction
- Refraction occurs when light passes between different media.
- Optical density (n) measures how much light slows down in a medium.
- Air's optical density is approximately 1.0.
- Light bends towards the normal when moving from a less dense to a denser medium.
- Light bends away from the normal when moving from a denser to a less dense medium.
- Snell's law relates incidence angle, refraction angle, and optical densities (n₁ x sinθ₁ = n₂ x sinθ₂).
Estimating Sine Values
- Sine of 30° equals 0.5 (or 1/2).
- Sine values greater than 0.5 correspond to angles greater than 30°.
- Sine values less than 0.5 correspond to angles less than 30°.
Sine Values
- Angles between 0° and 30° have sine values between 0 and 0.5.
Diffraction
- Diffraction occurs when light is treated as a wave.
- Diffraction involves constructive and destructive interference.
- Destructive interference results when light waves are out of phase, cancelling each other out.
- Constructive interference occurs when light waves are in phase, increasing amplitude/intensity.
Diffraction Pattern
- Double-slit experiments demonstrate light diffraction.
- Passing light through two slits causes diffraction and spreading.
- The interference pattern (on a screen) shows alternating bright (constructive) and dark bands (destructive) of light.
Photon Energy
- Photon energy (E) calculation formula: E = hc/λ or E = hf
- E = photon energy
- h = Planck's constant (6.63 x 10^-34 Js or 4.14 x 10^-15 eVs)
- c = speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s)
- λ = wavelength (meters)
- f = frequency (Hertz)
- hc/λ and hf are equivalent because c/λ = f
Optics: Lenses
- Lenses refract light, forming real or virtual, upright or inverted, magnified or diminished images.
- Convex lenses converge light, bending it towards the axis, and have a focal length that determines bending/image formation.
- Concave lenses diverge light, bending it outwards, also having a focal length, and create virtual images.
Ray Tracing
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Ray tracing for convex lenses:
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Trace a line from the object's top through the lens's center.
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Trace a line from the object's top, horizontally, then converge through the focal point (f) on the opposite side.
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Trace a line from the object's top through the focal point (f), then converge.
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The intersection point of these three lines locates the image.
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A real image is on the opposite side of the lens from the object.
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Ray tracing for concave lenses:
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Trace a line from the object's top through the lens's center.
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Trace a line from the object's top, horizontally, and backtrace to the focal point (f) on the same side.
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Trace a line from the object's top through the focal point (f), and run horizontally on the opposite side, backtracing this line.
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The intersection point locates the image.
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A virtual image is on the same side of the lens as the object.
Thin Lens formula
- The thin lens formula calculates object position (u), image position (v), and focal length (f): 1/f = 1/u + 1/v
- Ensure consistent units for u, v, and f.
Summary:
- Diffraction is a wave-like property of light, evidenced by diffraction patterns.
- Understanding diffraction patterns aids in analyzing wave interactions.
- Photon energy is directly proportional to frequency.
- Convex lenses converge light, forming real images.
- Concave lenses diverge light, forming virtual images.
- Ray tracing visually demonstrates image formation.
- The thin lens formula is a useful tool in lens calculations.
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Description
Test your understanding of wave and light theories! This quiz covers the basics of longitudinal and transverse waves, as well as key concepts in light theory such as photons and wave properties. Perfect for students looking to solidify their knowledge in physics.
