40 Questions
In which two organisms does the malaria parasite lifecycle occur?
Human and mosquito
Why does the presence of stagnant pools of water increase the chances of malaria infection?
Because mosquitoes breed in stagnant pools of water
What are Enterococci used as indicators for?
Recreational and drinking water
What is the process of testing water for contamination called?
Membrane filtration
Why do many developing countries have a high risk of water-borne diseases?
Because of lack of water treatment plants
What is a major factor that contributes to the outbreaks of water-borne diseases?
Climate change
What happens to sewage treatment plants during floods?
They overflow
Who are most affected by water-borne diseases?
Children
What can happen to someone who swallows a copepod infected with Nematode larvae?
They become liable to infection
What is one of the ways fecal material can reach a person's mouth?
Through contaminated food
What can cause increased concentrations of effluent pathogens in water?
Droughts
What is necessary to break the continued transmission of waterborne diseases?
Improving the hygienic behavior of people
What is a source of water that may be contaminated by infected animals or people?
Surface water
What can spread contamination of water?
All of the above
What is a waterborne disease mentioned in the text?
Typhoid
What is essential to provide people to prevent waterborne diseases?
Sanitation and drinking water
What happens to drought-affected areas in terms of pathogens in available water sources?
The concentration of pathogens accumulates.
What can cause drastic changes in the ecosystem of water bodies?
Natural calamities such as earthquakes or major cyclones.
What can be a cause of huge damage to the community, especially in small towns?
The negligence of the cleaning staff of water treatment plants.
What is a consequence of using contaminated water for agricultural purposes?
Colonization of pathogens in the soil.
What is the most common water-borne disease?
Diarrhea.
What is the primary causative agent of cholera?
Vibrio cholerae.
What is a symptom of diarrhea?
Dizziness.
What is the characteristic of cholera among water-borne diseases?
It possesses a mortality rate that is alarmingly high.
What is the primary reason for the significant reduction in foodborne illnesses in developed countries?
Adoption of strict microbiological quality control and sanitary practices
What is a consequence of milk spoilage?
Reduced aroma, flavor, and texture
Which of the following can cause damage to the health of consumers?
Microbes that release toxins
What is a source of pathogens that can contaminate milk?
A variety of sources including animals, handlers, and environment
Which disease can be transmitted to man through milk from dairy animals?
Salmonellosis
How can diseased handlers transmit diseases to milk?
Through contaminated hands or by coughing, sneezing, and talking
What type of pathogens can be introduced into milk products at different stages of production and processing?
Airborne pathogens, among others
Which of the following is an example of an airborne pathogen that can contaminate milk?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the main cause of milk borne tuberculosis?
Consumption of raw milk from infected dairy herds
Who discovered the microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Robert Koch
What type of tuberculosis is caused by human type of microorganisms?
Pulmonary
What is the name of the microorganism that causes tuberculosis in cows?
Mycobacterium bovis
How can human type tuberculosis bacilli gain access to milk?
Through milikers and other handlers
What is the test used to detect tuberculosis in cattle?
Tuberculin test
What type of tuberculosis can be caused by avian type of microorganisms?
Both types
What happens to cattle that are suspected of tuberculosis but show no symptoms?
They are held under observation and rested periodically
Study Notes
Water-Borne Diseases
- Anyone swallowing a copepod infected with Nematode larvae in the genus Dracunculus can become infected with guinea worm diseases.
- Water-borne diseases include:
- Polio
- Malaria
- Cholera
- Dengue
- Scabies
- Typhoid
- Anaemia
- Botulism
- Fluorosis
- Trachoma
- Hepatitis
- Diarrhea
- Giardiasis
- Ascariasis
- Trichuriasis
- Arsenicosis
- Malnutrition
- Legionellosis
- Leptospirosis
- Schistosomiasis
- Dracunculiasis
- Onchocerciasis
- Lead poisoning
- Cryptosporiodiosis
- Campylobacteriosis
- Lymphatic filariasis
- Hookworm infection
- Ring Worm or Tinea
- Methaemoglobinemia
- Cyanobacterial toxins
- Japanese encephalitis
Transmission of Water-Borne Diseases
- Water-borne diseases spread by contaminating drinking water systems with feces and urine of infected animals or people.
- Contamination sources include:
- Landfills
- Sewer pipes
- Septic fields
- Industrial or residential developments
- Fecal material can spread through food, hands, and other means.
- Improving hygienic behavior and providing basic needs like sanitation, drinking water, bathing facilities, and washing facilities can break the transmission of water-borne diseases.
Causes of Waterborne Diseases
- Droughts can cause increased concentrations of effluent pathogens, overwhelming water treatment plants and contaminating surface water.
- Mosquitoes breed in stagnant pools of water, increasing the chances of malaria infection.
- Faecal contamination tests for coliforms are used as bacterial indicators of sanitation quality.
Testing for Water Contaminants
- Membrane filtration is a process used to test water for contamination, where water is passed through a fine membrane to separate unwanted materials or organisms.
Transmission
- Lack of water treatment plants, especially in rural areas, increases the risk of transmission.
- Climate change, natural calamities, and sewage treatment plant overflows can contribute to outbreaks.
- Negligence of cleaning staff and persistent use of contaminated water for agricultural purposes can also cause transmission.
Water-Borne Diseases and their Impact
- Water-borne diseases can cause serious conditions like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, amebiasis, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, giardiasis, campylobacteriosis, scabies, and worm infections.
- Diarrhea is the most common water-borne disease, affecting children below five years of age, with symptoms like dizziness, dehydration, pale skin, and loss of consciousness in severe cases.
- Cholera is mainly caused by bacteria named Vibrio cholerae, with symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps, and has a high mortality rate.
Different Sources of Pathogens
- Animals can transmit diseases like brucellosis, Q-fever, salmonellosis, staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, and foot and mouth disease virus through milk.
- Handlers can transmit diseases like typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, septic sore throat, and infantile diarrhea by contaminated hands or through coughing, sneezing, and talking during milking or subsequent handling of milk.
- Environment can introduce pathogens through contaminated water, fodder, and unclean vessels and containers used for handling milk.
Diseases from Animal to Man and Milk to Man
- Tuberculosis can be transmitted from animals to humans through contaminated milk, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium avium.
- Milk-borne tuberculosis is directly or indirectly related to consumption of raw milk from infected dairy herds.
This quiz covers various types of waterborne diseases, including bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections. It's essential to understand the causes and effects of these diseases to maintain public health.
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