Water Treatment Terminology and Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is contamination?

The introduction into water of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes or wastewater in a concentration that makes the water unfit for its intended use.

Which of the following are chemicals that raise alkalinity? (Select all that apply)

  • Aluminum Sulfate
  • Calcium Hypochlorite (correct)
  • Sodium Thiosulphate
  • Hydrated Lime (correct)
  • Which of the following chemicals lower alkalinity? (Select all that apply)

  • Carbon Dioxide (correct)
  • Ferric Chloride (correct)
  • Sodium Aluminate
  • Hydrated Lime
  • What is disinfection?

    <p>The process designed to kill or inactivate most microorganisms in water, including all pathogenic bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sterilization?

    <p>The removal or destruction of all microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, vegetative forms, and spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four categories of contaminants?

    <p>Physical, Chemical, Biological, Radiological.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name three types of microbial/biological contaminants.

    <p>Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List five properties of chlorine gas.

    <p>Greenish-Yellow Liquid, 2.5X Heavier than Air, Expands at a Rate of 450:1, Non-Flammable, Supports Combustion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are types of chemical disinfectants? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Ozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence disinfection?

    <p>pH, Temperature, Contact Time, Concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are physical means of disinfection?

    <p>Ultraviolet Rays, Heat (Boiling of Water).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between available free chlorine and combined chlorine?

    <p>Free chlorine is the portion of total available residual chlorine that does not include chlorine combined with ammonia or nitrogen, while combined chlorine is the portion combined with ammonia or organic nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when chlorine is added to water?

    <p>Two acids are formed - Hypochlorous Acid and Hydrochloric Acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypo-chlorinator?

    <p>Equipment used to feed liquid chlorine solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Amperometric Titration Chlorine Residual Analyzer?

    <p>It is used for the most accurate chlorine residual results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the DPD test?

    <p>The most widely operator used testing method for free and residual chlorine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Sodium Thiosulphate in water treatment?

    <p>It is a reagent added to microbial sample bottles to remove chlorine residual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chlorine leak kits used for?

    <p>For cleaning up chlorine leaks from different containers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when ammonia is used for leak detection?

    <p>It produces white smoke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'adit' refer to?

    <p>Intake structure, Latin for entrance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the treatment steps in water processing?

    <p>Raw water through screens, pre-chlorination, flash-mixer, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation basin, filtration, post-chlorination, add chemicals to control corrosion, water into clear-well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conventional treatment?

    <p>Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does conductivity measure?

    <p>The ability of a solution to carry an electric current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best pH range for coagulation?

    <p>5-7 pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sweep coagulation?

    <p>Achieving the desired pH range by overdosing the coagulant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water Treatment Terminology and Processes

    • Contamination involves introducing harmful substances into water, making it unsuitable for intended use.
    • Chemicals that raise alkalinity include Hydrated Lime, Caustic Soda, Soda Ash, Calcium Hypochlorite, and Sodium Aluminate.
    • Chemicals that lower alkalinity consist of Aluminum Sulfate, Carbon Dioxide, Chlorine Gas, Ferric Chloride, Ferric Sulfate, and Sulfuric Acid.
    • Disinfection is the process to kill or inactivate most microorganisms in water, targeting pathogenic bacteria.
    • Sterilization completely destroys all microorganisms, including harmful microbes and their spores.
    • Categories of contaminants: Physical (e.g., temperature, taste, odor, turbidity), Chemical (e.g., minerals, acids), Biological (e.g., bacteria, viruses, protozoans), and Radiological.
    • Types of microbial/bio contaminants: Bacteria, Viruses (smallest), Protozoans (single-celled, motile organisms).

    Chlorine and Chemical Disinfection

    • Chlorine gas: Greenish-yellow liquid, 2.5 times heavier than air, expands significantly, non-flammable, supports combustion.
    • Types of chemical disinfectants: Chlorine (varieties include Chloramines), Iodine, Bromine, Ozone (no residual), and high pH bases.
    • Key factors influencing disinfection: pH (lower is better), temperature (higher is better), contact time, and concentration of disinfectants.
    • Physical means of disinfection include ultraviolet rays and boiling water.
    • Free chlorine refers to the portion of chlorine available for disinfection, while combined chlorine interacts with ammonia or organic nitrogen to assist in oxidization and bacterial kill.
    • When chlorine is added to water, it creates Hypochlorous Acid and Hydrochloric Acid, with varying forms dependent on pH.

    Equipment and Testing

    • A hypo-chlorinator feeds liquid chlorine using a positive displacement pump and solution tank.
    • An Amperometric Titration Chlorine Residual Analyzer provides accurate chlorine residual testing results.
    • The DPD Test is widely used for measuring free and residual chlorine concentrations.
    • Sodium Thiosulphate is utilized to remove chlorine residuals from microbial samples.
    • Chlorine leak kits are categorized based on the size of the chlorine container: Cylinder (A), 1-Ton Container (B), Box Car Clean-Up (C).
    • Ammonia can indicate chlorine leaks as it produces white smoke.

    Water Treatment Steps and Processes

    • Treatment steps include:
      • Raw water screened to remove debris.
      • Prechlorination (optional) to kill organisms and control odor.
      • Flash-mixing chemicals with raw water to encourage particle clumping.
      • Coagulation and flocculation creating larger particles.
      • Suspended particle sedimentation in a basin.
      • Filtration for remaining particles.
      • Post-chlorination to ensure water safety and provide residual chlorine.
      • Chemicals added to control corrosion before water moves into a clear-well for storage and contact time.
    • Conventional treatment processes involve coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration.

    Additional Water Quality Measures

    • Conductivity measures a solution's ability to carry an electric current, indicating ion concentrations.
    • A streaming current-meter optimizes coagulant doses, working as an online jar-test to match negative charges of particles with positively charged coagulants.
    • The best pH range for coagulation is between 5-7.
    • Sweep coagulation involves overdosing coagulants to achieve a desired pH range.

    Laboratory Procedures

    • The Jar Test simulates coagulation processes to determine effective chemical dosing strategies.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential terminology and processes related to water treatment. Participants will learn about contamination, various chemicals that affect alkalinity, and methods of disinfection and sterilization. Understand the categories of contaminants and the types of microbial contaminants that can affect water quality.

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