Questions and Answers
Which treatment method involves a physical process to remove suspended solids from water?
What is the role of aluminium sulphate in water treatment?
Which of the following substances is not a heavy metal?
What is the primary objective of chlorination in water treatment?
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Which process in sewage treatment is primarily biological?
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What is the purpose of pH adjustment in water treatment?
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Which method is described as reducing levels of phosphates and nitrates in treated water?
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What is primarily used to detect heavy metals in environmental samples?
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Which of the following processes is part of the primary treatment of sewage?
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Which method is effective for removing permanent hardness in water?
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What is eutrophication primarily caused by?
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What distinguishes permanent hardness from temporary hardness in water?
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What happens to calcium hydrogencarbonate when water with temporary hardness is boiled?
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What is the process of ion exchange primarily used for in water treatment?
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What is the main purpose of sedimentation in water treatment?
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How does deionization differ from ion exchange in water treatment?
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What compounds are typically responsible for permanent hardness in water?
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What characterizes hard water in relation to soap?
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Study Notes
Eutrophication
- Caused by over-enrichment of water with nutrients like nitrates and phosphates.
- Can lead to harmful algal blooms, affecting aquatic ecosystems.
Hardness in Water
- Temporary Hardness: Removable by boiling; primarily due to calcium hydrogencarbonate.
- Permanent Hardness: Cannot be removed by boiling; requires methods like ion exchange or deionization.
Water Treatment Techniques
- Fluoridation: Strengthens teeth and prevents decay by adding fluoride to drinking water.
- Ion Exchange: Removes permanent hardness by swapping calcium (Ca²⁺) or magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions with sodium (Na⁺) ions.
- Deionization: Removes all ions from water, producing demineralized water; differs from ion exchange which reduces hardness only.
- Filtration: Removes suspended solids by passing water through beds of rock, sand, and gravel.
- Chlorination: Addition of chlorine to water to eliminate bacteria.
- pH Adjustment: Adjusts acidity or basicity of water through the addition of acids or bases.
Water Treatment Processes
- Sedimentation: Removes suspended particles by allowing them to settle to the tank bottom.
- Flocculation: Aggregates small suspended solids for easier removal, typically using agents like aluminium sulfate.
Calcium Hydroxide in Water Treatment
- Added to raise the pH of water, used when water is too acidic to prevent pipe corrosion.
Heavy Metal Removal
- Can be achieved through precipitation methods.
- Examples of heavy metals include lead, mercury, and cadmium, which can be detected using atomic absorption spectrometry.
Compounds Related to Permanent Hardness
- Includes CaCl₂, MgSO₄, CaSO₄, and MgCl₂.
Sewage Treatment Steps
- Primary Treatment: Involves screening and settling; physical process.
- Secondary Treatment: Biological process that oxidizes nutrients in effluent using microorganisms.
- Tertiary Treatment: Reduces phosphates (PO₄³⁻) and nitrates (NO₃⁻) levels in wastewater.
Formation of Temporary Hardness
- Related chemical reaction: H₂O + CO₂ + CaCO₃ → Ca(HCO₃)₂.
Processes to Remove Permanent Hardness
- Techniques include deionization and distillation.
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Description
Explore various aspects of water quality, including the causes of eutrophication and the different types of water hardness. Delve into effective water treatment techniques such as fluoridation, ion exchange, and chlorination to understand how to maintain safe drinking water standards.
