Water Sources & Categories

• Evapotranspiration is overall evaporation in a landmass involving plants and puddles
• Precipitation over land and ocean is part of the water cycle
• The water cycle explains distribution of water to different sectors

Categories of Water

• Potable water is clean and suitable for drinking
• Non-potable water is for purposes other than drinking, cooking, or cleaning

Surface Water

• Surface water runs off the ground into streams, rivers, and lakes
• It is dependent on recurring rain
• Typically treated to provide potable water
• It is collected in a storage tank called a cistern

Ground Water

• Ground water is found below the surface of the earth
• It seeps through soil and is trapped on impervious stratum, a soil or rock layer water cannot pass
• It collects on pores of permeable stratum, a porous earth layer that allows water to pass
• It is held by a body of rock and/or sediment called an aquifer

Artesian Well

• An artesian well taps into a confined aquifer
• Under artesian pressure, water rises above the aquifer top but might not reach the surface

Flowing Well

• A flowing well is drilled into an aquifer where pressure forces groundwater above land surface naturally
• The water table/potentiometric surface is higher than the well opening

Well Comparison

• All flowing wells are artesian, but not all artesian wells flow

Water Supply Systems

• Community Systems
• Public or private entities providing central water supply to a neighborhood, city, or district
• Private Systems
• Any water system that isn't a public one
• Well Systems
• Water supply systems using wells, a motor-driven pump, and a storage tank

Aquifer

• A saturated permeable stratum capable of providing a usable water supply

Water Table

• An underground boundar between the soil surface and the area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock.

Dug Wells

• Shallow wells, generally not more than 25 ft (7.6 m) deep and typically 3 to 6 ft (1-2 m) in diameter
• Can be constructed with hand tools or power tools
• Most common kind of well for individual water supplies
• Prone to contamination, pollution

Driven Wells

• Also referred to as Sand Point Wells
• Consist of lengths of 1 1/4 to 2 in (32 to 50 mm) diameter pipe that is driven into the ground
• A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section

Bored Wells

• Dug using an auger and covered with a casing
• Used when the earth to be bored is boulder-free and will not cave in
• Draw water from sections of the earth above the bedrock

Drilled Wells

• Requires more elaborate equipment of several types, depending on the geology of the site
• Constructed using percussion or rotary-drilling machines
• Have a lower risk of contamination due to their depth and use of continuous casing

Level 1 (Point Source)

• A protected well or developed spring with an outlet
• Without a distribution system
• Generally adaptable for rural areas where houses are thinly scattered
• Serves around 15 to 25 households

Level 2 (Communal Faucet System or Standposts)

• Composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped network and communal faucets located not more than 25 meters from the farthest house
• Delivers to average of 100 households, with 1 faucet per 4 to 6 households

Level 3 (Waterworks Systems or Individual House Connections)

• A system with source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network and household taps
• Generally suited for densely populated urban areas

Unit/Specific Weight

• The weight per unit volume.
• Formula is y= W/V
• Unit/specific weight of water:
• y = 62.42 lb/ft³ or y = 9.81 kN/m³

Density

• Mass per unit volume.
• Formula: P= m/V
• Density of water: p = 1 kg/L

Specific Gravity

• Ratio of the specific weight or density of the fluid or solid to the specific weight of water at a temperature of 39°F (4°C)
• Formula: GS = Yfluid/Ywater or GS = Pfluid/Pwater

Volume

• The amount of space occupied by a substance
• The Formulas are:
  • V cube = lwh,
  • Vcylinder = πr²h,
  • Vsphere = 4/3πr³

Velocity

• Rate of linear motion of a substance in one direction
• Formula: v = x/t = Q/A

Volumetric Flow Rate

• Frequently called the flow rate
• The volume of a substance that passes a point in a system per unit of time
• Formula: Q = V/t = Av

Pressure

• Force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a surface such as the sidewall of a container or pipe
• Formula: P = F/A = yh

Atmospheric Pressure

• Also known as barometric pressure
• Force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it to Earth
• Varies with weather conditions and elevation
• Standard atmospheric pressure: 101.325 kPa or 760 mm Hg

Gage Pressure

• Pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) alone, excluding pressure exerted by the atmosphere

Absolute Pressure

• Pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) including pressure exerted by the atmosphere
• Formula: Pabs = Pgage + Patm

Nearly 4000 years ago

• Ancient Greeks had hot and cold water systems in buildings
• Minoan Palace of Knossos on the Isle of Crete
• Had terracotta (baked clay) piping laid beneath the palace place
• Had faucets of marble, gold, and silver that offered hot and cold running water.
• Drainage systems emptied into large sewers constructed of stone

2800 years ago

• First storm sewers of Rome were built

Over 2000 years ago

• The Romans had in place highly developed community plumbing system
• Water was conveyed over many miles by large aqueducts
• Water was distributed to residences in lead pipes Achimedes, a Greek Mathematician, invented a screw pump made of a screw rotating in a cylinder.
• It is now known as the Archimedes screw. Archimedes screw: A type of pump that was used to drain and irrigate the Nile Valley

Over 2000 years ago

• Romans, Artisan who worked with lead
• PlumberSoldered, installed, and repaired roofs, gutters, sewers, drains and every part of the plumbing supply, waste, and storm drainage systems
• Plumbing: Derived from the Latin word plumbum for Lead (Pb)`
• Lead: Historians theorize that lead poisoned the Roman Aristocracy, contributing to the decline of the Roman Empire

Over 2800 years ago

• King Minos owned the world's first flushing water closet with a wooden seat and a small reservoir of water.
• Tombs uncovered an antique water closet complete with running water, a stone seat, and a comfortable armrest.

Early 1800s

• Beginnings of modern plumbing began in the early 1800s
• Steam engines became capable of supplying water under pressure
• Inexpensive cast iron pipes could be produced to carry it

History of Plumbing in the Philippines

• 17th Century (Spanish Occupation)
• Birth of Plumbing Profession in the Philippines
• Walled City, known as Intramuros was established by Spaniards as a model community
• 18th and 19th Century
• Filipino plumbers were assigned the tasks of maintaining, repairing and/or remodeling plumbing systems in all "pueblos" or towns including churches, convents, and government buildings
• 20th Century (American Occupation)
• Plumbing took a great leap with the arrival of American Soldiers, engineers, Thomasite teachers, doctors and evangelists
• Health and hygiene became a priority when epidemics engulfed the Philippines
• Governor General Harrison issued a Letter of Instruction on proper waste disposal in all municipalities

1902

• Plumbing trade was duly recognized by the government``
• City of Manila: The model community for plumbing``
• John Hass: The first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection``

US-based Plumbing Code

• Incorporated in the Building Code of Manila``

1935

• Organization of the NAMPAP (National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines) was established registration of the NAMPAP with the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)``

NAMPAP

• Spearheaded the Plumbing Law``
• Actively updating the RNPCP

Department of Public Services of the City of Manila``

• Initiated by NAMPAP, this department was created by an Act of Congress``.

City Ordinance 2411

• Plumbing Code for the City of Manila.

1954``

• Third congress of the Republic of the Philippines in its Second Session, approved the Third Reading House Bill No. 962``.
• This Bill establishes the Plumbing Law (RA 1378)``.

June 18, 1955

• Plumbing Law (RA 1378) was signed by President Ramon Magsaysay``.

January 28, 1959

• National Plumbing Code, prepared by NAMPAP, was promulgated and approved by Malacañang, under Former President Carlos P. Garcia``

NAWASA

• NAMPAP assisted in the passage of law creating the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority.

1966 – 1969

• The Board of Examiners for Master Plumbers and NAMPAP prepared a Curriculum for Plumbing Engineering``
  • Approved by the Department of Education``.
  • First introduced at Feati University``.

November 28, 1967

• First Amendment to the National Plumbing Code: "Asbestos-Cement Pipe"``.
• -Included as an approved plumbing material``.

December 21, 1999

• Revised Plumbing Code of the Philippines was approved by President Joseph Ejercito Estrada``.

Principles of Plumbing

• Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Principle 1

• Human habitation must have pure and wholesome water

Principle 2

• Water in sufficient volume and pressure

Principle 3

• Minimum quantity of water with proper performance and cleaning

Principle 4

• Prevent dangers from explosion

Principle 5

• Connect to a public sewer

Principle 6

• At less: -1 Water Closet -1 Kitchen Type Sink -1 Lavatory -1 Bathtub or Shower

Principle 7

• Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent materials

Principle 8

• Cleanouts

Principle 9

Plumbing system shall be:

• Of Durable NAMPAP-approved materials;
• Free from defective workmanship
• Designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumber

Principle 10

• Water-sealed traps

Principle 11

• Adequate circulation of air

Principle 12

• Vent Terminals shall extend to outer air

Principle 13

• Test to disclose leaks and defects

Principle 14

• No substance which will:
  • Clog the pipes
  • Produce explosive mixtures
  • Destroy the pipes or joints
  • Interfere unduly with the sewage disposal process
  • Shall be allowed to enter the building drainage system

Principle 15

• Provide proper protection to prevent contamination from backflow of sewage

Principle 16

• Water closet shall be located at a compartment or room:
  • Properly lighted
  • Well ventilated

Principle 17

• No sewer nearby:
  • Use accepted methods of sewage treatment and disposal, such as Septic Tanks

Principle 18

• There is backflow of sewage:
  • Prevent overflow of sewage

Principle 19

• Plumbing systems maintained in serviceable conditions by RMPs

Principle 20

• Properly spaced plumbing fixtures

Principle 21

• Preservation of strength of structure

Principle 22

• Deleterious sewage rendered innocuous
• Harmful wastes shall not be discharged into ground or waterways, unless treated

Nominal Pipe Sizing (NPS)

• A modern standardized sizing system for pipes, evolved from the Iron Pipe Size (IPS)
• Outer diameter is always the same for each NPS
• Inside diameter varies with Pipe Schedule
• From NPS 1/8 to NPS 12: Nominal Pipe Size ≠ Outer Dia.
• From NPS 14 and above: Nominal Pipe Size = Outer Dia.
• Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR)
  • Ratio of the outside diameter to the wall thickness
  • Higher SDR = Thinner Wall Thickness
  • Lower SDR = Thicker Wall Thickness
• The Pressure-Level Rating provides the pressure rating of the pipe at a given temperature

Weight Designations

• Used for steel and iron pipes
• Simplified specification of pipes in older systems
• Standard Wall (Std.)
  • Suitable for lower pressure applications
• Extra Strong Wall (XS) - Also called Extra Heavy Wall (XH) - Used in medium-pressure systems
• Double Extra Strong Wall (XXS)
  • Also called Double Extra Heavy wall (XXH) -For high pressure applications

Copper Tubing Size (CTS)

• A sizing system specifically for copper tubing
• CTS refers to the outside diameter of the tube
• Outer Diameter is always 1/8 inch larger than the CTS

Pipes

• A cylindrical conduit or conductor denoted by its I.D. (Interior Diameter)
• Usually, the term used for thick walls, e.g., GI, Plastic

Tube

• A cylindrical conduit or conductor denoted by its O.D. (Outer Diameter)
• Usually, the term used for thin walls, e.g., Copper

Pipe Pressure Rating

• Pipe Schedule: Obtained from the expression Schedule = 1000(P/S)
  • Where: P = Internal service pressure of pipe (in psi)
  • S = Ultimate stress of pipe materials (in psi)
  • Lower Schedule = Thinner Wall Thickness
  • Higher Schedule = Thicker Wall Thickness

Pumbing Materials

• Most popular and generally specified material for drainage system before but is not commonly used today
• Durable, and conveniently installed for buildings less than 25 storey high
• Heavy: Piping system may sink due to weight
• Rigid: Less able to dampen vibrations
• Corrosive
• Shall not be threaded, since they are brittle
• Standard size (length): 1.5 m

Steel Pipe Types

• SV Type (Service)
  • Generally used for building installations
• XV Type (Extra Heavy)
  • Classified as extra duty pipe
  • Used for underground installations

Four Varities of Cast Iron Pipes

• Standard Pipe: Used for well-fitted hub and spigot connections

Single Hub Pipe

• Recommended when the length of a pipe needed is more than 150 cm long wherein cutting is not necessary

Double Hub Pipe

• Preferred when a piece of pipe needed is shorter than 150 cm long; when the pipe is cut, both ends have a hub to serve as joint connector

Hubless Pipe

• Used in lieu of the single hub to do away with the caulking of joints
• It is cheaper and easily connected rubber sleeves

Bituminous Fiber Sewer

• Also known as fiber sewer
• Famous in the 1950s to 1960s, when demand for wood fiber was at its peak
• Layers of compressed oil tar-pitch impregnated ground wood fibers
• Cheapest among sewer pipes
• Sometimes recommended for house sewer and septic tank installation
• Light in weight, slightly flexible, which could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out

Caulked Joints

• Plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials
• The material is pounded into the annular opening
• Measurements 25.4 mm or 1 inch: depth of molten pig lead`` 3.2 mm: maximum extension of finished joint above rim of hub

Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe

• Also known as Orangeburg Pipe
• Famous in the 1950s to 1960s, when demand for wood fiber was at its peak
• Layers of compressed oil tar-pitch impregnated ground wood fibers
• Cheapest among sewer pipes
• Sometimes recommended for house sewer and septic tank installation
• Light in weight, slightly flexible, which could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out

Vitrified Clay Pipe

• Also known as Terracotta
• Made from clay and shale that has been subjected to high temperature to achieve vitrification.
• Rigid material not prone to deflection or flattening under load
• Durable for underground installation
• Brittle Widely used in wastewater collection systems
• Highly resistant to most acid wastes
• Vulnerable to root infiltration
• Sometimes encased in concrete to prevent root infiltration
• Cast into a length of 75 cm (standard length)

Acid-Resistant Cast Iron Pipe

• Made from alloy of cast iron and silicon
• Widely used in chemical laboratories; industries where acid wastes are being discharged

Asbestos-Cement Pipe

• Also known as Transite Pipe
• Made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement
• Superior for embedment in concrete structures for having the same materials
• Generally, not permitted for new installations

Lead Pipe

• The oldest plumbing materials used by Egyptians, Greeks and Roman Builders
• Highly resistant to acid
• Suitable for underground installation
• Never used to convey water for human consumption
• Poisonous and injurious to human health

Galvanized Steel Pipe

• Made from mild steel, drawn through a die and welded
• Easily corroded by alkaline and acid water
• Deteriorate faster when used for hot water supply line
• Cast into a length of 6 m long (standard length)
• Has prefabricated fittings

Copper Plumbing Tube Types

• Type K
  • Heaviest type
  • Thickest wall
  • Suitable for underground installation
  • The highest level of strength and durability
  • Making it suitable for high pressure applications
• Type L
  • Lighter than Type K, but heavier than Type M
  • Minimum weight for water supply piping
  • Medium thickness of wall, in between Type K and Type M
  • Commonly used in residential water supply line and for radiant heating installation
• Type M
  • Lightest type and has the Thinnest wall
  • Available only in rigid form (drawn tube) May be used for water piping when piping is above ground, inside or atop a building, or underground, outside of structures with outside protective coating
  • For small water supply lines and radiant heating installations
  • Particularly used in areas where water pressure is relatively low, or where cost savings are important
• Type DWV
  • Specifically designed for drain, waste and vent systems
  • Used for underground and above drainage and vent piping
• Plastic Pipes
  • More cost effective than metal pipes
• General Regulations:
  • Minimum wall thickness for plastic pipes to be threaded: Schedule 80
  • Pipe joint material should only be applied on the male thread
  • Plastic pipe and fittings jointed by solvent cement shall comply with IAPMO Standards

Plastic pipes

• Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) (Used for drain, waste, vent and sewer pipe) Consists of:
  • Acrylonitrile: Provides chemical resistance and heat stability
  • Butadiene: Contributes to flexibility and impact resistance and Less prone to breaking under pressure or impact -Styrene: Offers rigidity and dimensional stability; Maintain shape and structural integrity over time
• Rigid pressure pipe renowned for its high impact strength and durability which combine to give exceptional toughness
• Should not have prolonged exposure to direct sunlight
• Maximum service temperature: 160 F
• Polybutylene (PB) (Used as water service connection from main to meter) Black colored pipe and Oval shaped Flexible and can be used for either hot-water or cold-water pressure systems Commonly used before (1970s to mid 1990s) but fell out of favor due to issues about long-term reliability and durability
• Polyetylene (PE) (Used for LPG connections) Black colored pipe and Circular shaped It cannot be used for hot-water systems Flexible pipe for pressure systems Generally resistant to most ordinary chemicals
• Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)(Suitable for outdoor and high temperature applications) Rigid and Strong and low-maintenance but lightweight plastic building material Resistant to sunlight Commonly used for window frames, door frames, cladding, gutters, and downspouts Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
• Suitable for hot water distribution systems, and high temperature applications
• Maximum Service Temperature: 180 F
• Similar to PVC in strength and overall chemical resistance
• Has better UV resistance compared to PVC
• Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) (Mostly used for irrigation pipe) Thinner wall UV and acid resistant

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)(Can carry potable water, wastewater, slurries, chemicals, hazardous wastesl

Thicker wall Suitable for hot and cold water

Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX) (Used for both hot and cold water)

Flexible pipe Alternative to traditional copper and galvanized steel supply lines Joined using push fittings

Polyethylene Sheath

• Protection from external corrosion for pipes passing or under cinders or other corrosive materials

Polupropylene pipes

• highly resistant to heat and chemicals
• easy to use with hot and cold water systems
• natural insulation
• Very light weight.
• Suitable for lower-pressure applications
• suitable for industrial and lab drainage
• Connected using fusion welding
• maximun of f 180 degrees

Polyethylene Sheath

• Protection from external corrosion for pipes passing throw any conduits

Bitumen

• For voids between pipes and sleeves throw concrete.

General Regulations: Piping Materials and Structures

• 45 Degrees: Angle of repose
• Distance of the bottom of all pipe trenches to the footing of any adjacent building or structure parallel to it.

Pipe Fittings for caps

• A fittings screwed or caulked over the end of a pipe for closing the pipe.

Pipe Flanges

• Used to bolt pipping components
• Valves, fittings, pressure components and more

Elbow

• used at 45 and 90 degrees
• Angular fittings used to change direction of flow.
• use sanitary drainage systems, and a sanitary band that make more gradual turn to prevent blockage

45°

Distance of the bottom of all pipe trenches to the footing of any adjacent building or structure parallel to it

Tees

• A fitting shaped like a capital "T", having two outlets at 90° to the single inlet connection Used when a line must branch off at a straight run.
• Examples
  • Reducing Tree -allows different tree sizes to be joined together
  • Sanitary Tree
    • atee fitting used for drainage only.
    • The inlet has a curved downward pitch to allow smoother drainage flow
  • Tapped tree - A tree with a tapped into branch that is inserted into a fitting

  • Bullhead Tree - A tree that has an outlet larger than the opening on the run

Examples:

• Similar to pipe trees; the only difference is in that the branch line is angled to reduce friction with could hamper the flow

Couplings

• Used to join straight runs of pipe

Examples

• Union/Paiente Tree
  • atree fitting that is meant to unite two pipes and which is designed to be detached form one another without causing deformity of the pipe. -allows the pipes to be easily disconnected and the expected to be improved or to have their equipments to be replaced.
• reducer
• used to straight fittings to decrease diameters pipe
• Increaser - used for fitting to the increasing pipe

Adapter

• Permits the system to change, permitting the system to change

Darham System

• all piping is and all using the recess for good drainage
• and suitable joints. used for drainage

Water and Valve Usage

• Used to control flow of the water through the system

Gate valve

• Flow of water and cut off by the circular disc fitted against machine-smoothed faces at light angle of the direction of flow.

Check valve

• Opens to allow the flow of water in the direction desired Prevent flow in the other direction ###Fixtures
• Approves receptacle, device or appliance that uses water and discharges wastewater

Water Closet

• Services as on indoor receptacle and removal system for humans
• Common use toilets and commodities

Globe valuve

. Used for the throttling in his pressures.

Types of water closet (Flushing Action)

• Washout - A tilt bowl with a shallow body of water flushes
• Obsolete
• Reverse trap
  • water entras, creates a siphonic action
• siphon jet - Maintains a large amount of standing water to prevent fouling
• reverse trap - - water enters to create a siphonic action - - has large axpoased surface - is efficent bat is madareley noisy - -siphon-Vortex has most efficient action Blowout

###Types of Water Closet

• One piece
  • flush tank and bowl are manufactured into a single piece
• closed Couple - a 2 piece model with a flush tank to attach to back of the closet bowl
• corner toilet - has tree angles bests as well as small areas
• floor mounted supported on the floor with piping connected threw back
• wall hung attached to the back wall and water closest with not contact the floor
• 3flush water tank - flush tank is located behind water tank - flush water is locked up ehind a toilet bowl
  • -flushometer tank type is used with 25 to 25 of pressure in
• the gravy type water is for water tank type closets water is not under pressure and flushed by gravity
• The flushometer valve type of water uses line for flush

Types of water closets

• Flush water materials shall he dense
• all Proclaim surfaces Shall has acid restraints
• Pullock what is you to Shall and water be closets with invisal
• 0.375 M is distance Urinals
• plumping fixtures that are Commonly and quickly exchange of users to expedire the use of water and toilet

type of water-action urinals

• a blowout urinal that is flushed by large of water
• a 2 siphon is when jeteram is not active
• washouts Relieson water exchange to flush no siphon or completeevavavuration
• a water less is more cartage

Pedistal.

General regulations

• Trough urinals are prohibited. Brass or copper pipe shall not be used for urinal tail piece or trap. O.3M distance of urinal O.6 m - distance of urinal Vacuum breaker shall protect water supply to areal. Tanks flushing .

Bidets

• Personal hygiene plumbling fixtures used
• Also Called Sits Bath.

Bath tub

• Plumbling fixture Shaped to fit a body to to bath
• Usually one foaming a permant fixtures the bath rooms

###Shower

• Shomerhad an head nozal thad sprays down on the bather hand .
• Shower head attached for flexible hose with the bather with old during babthing and shower

###Shower gneral regulations

• 24.5 MM - minimum the shawer damn or curve . or theshold of out side water with shower dam
• minimum depth -5.8 - of the with the orshold Slove Floor 2 water is the store or for the 762 mimun distance with showner
• meter interior shower
• 0.6 minimum interior of shore
• *175 M. Minimum water
• M is high dimensions of water
• 459 width water
• 559 mm of door will acomidate

lavatory

A fixture design for of hangd and faces sometime for the and washer.

Sell trimming lantoryy

for to monunter the counter for top

under counters lavatory

Filled for beathach to tothe under side for contour