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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of water-soluble vitamins?
Which vitamin is a provitamin that can be converted into Vitamin A inside the body?
Which vitamins are classified as fat soluble?
What is the main characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins?
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What are precursors of vitamins that can be converted into vitamins inside the body called?
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What is the main cause of the formation of ketone bodies (KB) in the fasting state?
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Which enzyme is considered the key enzyme of ketogenesis?
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What is the main fate of ketone bodies in extrahepatic tissues?
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Which condition leads to the increased formation of ketone bodies?
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During ketolysis, what is the main fate of acetoacetate picked up from the blood in the mitochondria?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate in extrahepatic tissues?
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Which tissue lacks the enzyme necessary for metabolizing ketone bodies?
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What is the fate of acetone, a minor side product of ketone bodies?
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In which condition do patients with type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) develop ketoacidosis?
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Why are patients with type II non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) much less likely to show ketoacidosis?
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Study Notes
Vitamins
- Water-soluble vitamins are characterized by being easily excreted in urine, non-toxic, and not stored in the body.
- Vitamin A is a provitamin that can be converted into Vitamin A inside the body.
- Vitamins A, D, E, and K are classified as fat-soluble vitamins.
- The main characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins is that they are stored in the body and can be toxic in high doses.
Ketogenesis
- The main cause of the formation of ketone bodies (KB) in the fasting state is the breakdown of fatty acids in the liver.
- The enzyme HMG-CoA synthase is considered the key enzyme of ketogenesis.
- In extrahepatic tissues, ketone bodies are primarily used as an energy source.
Ketolysis
- During ketolysis, acetoacetate is converted into acetyl-CoA, which is then used in the citric acid cycle.
- The enzyme 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is responsible for the oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate in extrahepatic tissues.
- The brain is the tissue that lacks the enzyme necessary for metabolizing ketone bodies.
Ketoacidosis
- Acetone, a minor side product of ketone bodies, is exhaled through the lungs.
- Patients with type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) develop ketoacidosis when they have low insulin levels and high glucagon levels, leading to increased glucose production and ketone body formation.
- Patients with type II non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are much less likely to show ketoacidosis due to their insulin resistance, which leads to higher insulin levels and lower glucagon levels.
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Description
Test your knowledge on water-soluble vitamins and coenzymes with this quiz. Explore the classifications, functions, and associated pathologies of water-soluble vitamins.
