Water Resources and Management Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic feature of a Guyot?

  • High elevation
  • Rugged terrain
  • Vertical cliffs
  • Flat top (correct)

Which stage of the Wilson Cycle is characterized by narrow seaways with central depressions?

  • Young ocean (correct)
  • Embryonic rift
  • Mature ocean
  • Declining ocean

What is released from hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor?

  • Saltwater
  • High-pressure steam
  • Cool freshwater
  • Heated mineral-rich water (correct)

What is a feature of a declining ocean in the Wilson Cycle?

<p>Deep ocean trenches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a mature ocean in the Wilson Cycle?

<p>Active spreading ridges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is classified as freshwater?

<p>2.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following water types is primarily used for medical sterilization purposes?

<p>Medical water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when water vapor cools and forms clouds?

<p>Condensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the majority of Earth's freshwater stored?

<p>In ice caps and glaciers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of water is essential for crop irrigation and livestock maintenance?

<p>Agricultural water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the Hydrologic Cycle directly follows evaporation?

<p>Condensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is saline and found primarily in the oceans?

<p>97.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of water through porous rocks and soil known as?

<p>Groundwater flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stress occurs when two blocks of rock are pushed toward each other?

<p>Compression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept involves the study of magnetism in rocks to understand Earth's magnetic history?

<p>Paleomagnetism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fault occurs when rocks slide past each other horizontally?

<p>Strike-slip fault (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of ductile deformation?

<p>The rock reshapes without breaking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that continents were originally connected and then drifted apart?

<p>Continental Drift Hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does shearing stress affect rocks?

<p>It causes rocks to break or change shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the theory of continental drift with regards to fossils?

<p>Similar fossils found on different continents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a landform created by compression?

<p>Mountain Ranges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What exacerbates soil contamination according to land management practices?

<p>Pesticides and fertilizers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of erosion is primarily associated with coastal areas?

<p>Water Erosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants contribute to the prevention of soil erosion?

<p>Securing the soil with roots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the erodibility of soil?

<p>Climate conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of land in the Philippines is covered by Ultisols?

<p>41.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crop is NOT mentioned as being grown on agricultural land in the Philippines?

<p>Barley (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of overgrazing?

<p>Depletion of vegetation cover (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable consequence of improper cultivation practices?

<p>Alteration of soil particle size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes mass wasting?

<p>Downslope movement driven by gravity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization aims to promote sustainable agricultural practices?

<p>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is effective in reducing farmland conversion?

<p>Planting cover crops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT belong to the physical factors affecting soil health?

<p>Soil pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of slope weakening?

<p>Increased soil compaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is identified as an anthropogenic factor impacting soil?

<p>Deforestation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what rate of soil degradation might the Philippines lose its topsoil?

<p>60 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of overgrazing on soil?

<p>Erosion of soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Lateral Continuity state about sediment layers?

<p>They spread out in all directions until thinning out or changing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is typically more specific when determining the age of rocks?

<p>Absolute dating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of isotopes in absolute dating?

<p>They enable age determination through decay rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the age of rock calculated using the half-life method?

<p>By determining the percentage of unstable isotope remaining. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Law of Superposition, which statement is true about undisturbed layers?

<p>Each layer is younger than the one it covers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships indicate?

<p>Younger geological features can cut through older ones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of an isotope?

<p>The time required for half of the isotope to decay. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is relative dating considered less specific compared to absolute dating?

<p>It does not utilize radiometric techniques. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Saline Water

Water with high salt content, primarily found in oceans.

Freshwater

Water with low salt content, a vital resource for life.

Evaporation

Process where water changes from liquid to gas (vapor).

Condensation

Process where water vapor changes to liquid water, forming clouds.

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Precipitation

Water falling from the atmosphere as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

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Domestic Water

Water used for daily household activities like drinking and bathing.

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Agricultural Water

Water used for irrigating crops and livestock.

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Groundwater

Water stored underground in porous rocks and soil.

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Soil Degradation

Soil health change, resulting in a reduced ability to support organisms.

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Physical Soil Factors

Rainfall, runoff, floods, wind erosion, tillage, and mass movements influence soil composition and trigger erosion.

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Biological Soil Factors

Poor farming practices and shifts in organism composition negatively impact soil health.

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Chemical Soil Factors

Changes in soil acidity (pH) and nutrient loss (leaching) affect soil.

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Anthropogenic Soil Factors

Deforestation impacts soil water retention, leading to erosion.

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Philippines Agricultural Land

The Philippines has 10 million hectares of agricultural land, primarily used for rice cultivation.

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Soil Conservation Organizations

Organizations like FAO, ASOCON, and the British Society of Soil Science aim to sustain and protect soil.

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Soil Conservation & Management Division

A Philippine government division focused on protecting and managing soil resources.

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Soil Erosion

The process of soil being moved by wind, water, or ice, often leading to land degradation.

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Water Erosion

The removal and transportation of soil particles by flowing water, like rivers and runoff.

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Wind Erosion

The movement of soil by wind, particularly common in dry areas like deserts.

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Glacial Erosion

The carving and shaping of the land by massive, moving glaciers.

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Erodibility

The susceptibility of soil to erosion, influenced by factors like soil texture and structure.

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Overgrazing

The excessive consumption of vegetation by livestock, which leaves the soil vulnerable to erosion.

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Mass Wasting

The downslope movement of rock, soil, and debris due to gravity, often triggered by factors like heavy rainfall.

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Slope

The steepness of a land surface, influencing erosion rates.

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Guyot

A seamount with a flat top, formed by erosion of the volcanic peak.

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Wilson Cycle

A cyclical process describing the opening and closing of ocean basins driven by plate tectonics.

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Embryonic Rift

The initial stage of the Wilson Cycle where the continental crust begins to crack and rift.

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Mature Ocean

A stage in the Wilson Cycle characterized by large ocean basins with active spreading ridges.

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Terminal Ocean

The final stage of the Wilson Cycle where the ocean basin closes and mountains form.

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Plate Tectonics

The theory explaining the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.

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Compression

Stress that squeezes rocks together, causing them to fold or fracture, creating mountain ranges and ocean trenches.

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Shearing

Stress that pushes two rock blocks in opposite directions, causing them to slide past each other, creating faults.

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Fault

A fracture in the Earth's crust where rocks move past each other, caused by stress.

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Normal Fault

A type of fault where the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall, caused by tension.

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Reverse Fault

A type of fault where the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall, caused by compression.

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Strike-Slip Fault

A fault where rocks move horizontally past each other, causing lateral movement.

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Mid-Oceanic Ridge

A vast underwater mountain range formed by the divergence of tectonic plates, marking the creation of new ocean floor.

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Relative Dating

A method that determines the order of events in geological history without providing specific numerical ages.

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Absolute Dating

A method that determines the precise numerical age of rocks and fossils.

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Law of Superposition

In undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the oldest rocks are at the bottom, and each layer gets progressively younger towards the top.

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Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

Geological features that cut through other rocks are younger than the rocks they cut through.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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Half-life

The time it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to decay.

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Radioactive Decay

The process where an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation.

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How old is the rock?

One can determine the age of a rock based on the remaining amount of a radioactive isotope and its known half-life.

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Study Notes

Water Resources and Management

  • Water covers 71% of Earth's surface
  • Classified as saline or freshwater
  • Saline water makes up 97.5%, mostly in oceans
  • Freshwater comprises 2.5%
  • 79% of freshwater is stored in ice caps and glaciers
  • 20% exists as groundwater
  • 1% is found in other freshwater sources (rivers, lakes, soil, water vapor)

Water Resources

  • Domestic water is used for drinking, cooking, bathing, and washing
  • Sourced from water companies, groundwater, and other supplies
  • Agricultural water is essential for crop irrigation and livestock
  • Sources include water companies, groundwater, and other supplies

Water Cycle

  • The hydrologic cycle shows the never-ending movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere
  • Water changes states (solid, liquid, gas) to move from one place to another
  • Processes include evaporation, condensation, precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail), and snowmelt

Water Pollution

  • Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies by humans
  • Eutrophication pollution is caused by dumping waste
  • Increasing nutrients and decreasing oxygen levels lead to algal blooms and dead zones
  • Acid rain refers to precipitation with acid components (sulfuric or nitric acid)
  • Acid rain leads to water and soil acidification

Soil

  • Unconsolidated regolith, modified over time by water, air, and organic material
  • Rock and minerals fragments in soil are known as regolith
  • Soil contains 45% minerals, 25% air, 25% water, and 5% organic matter
  • Soil is good condition for plant growth
  • Edaphology is the study of soil in its role as a habitat for organisms
  • Soil formation factors include parent material, time, climate, and organisms

Pedology

  • Studies soil chemistry
  • Formation
  • Classification
  • Characteristics

Soil Horizons

  • Organic layer is composed of organic materials, rich in organisms
  • A horizon contains minerals and humus, where plants live
  • E horizon is where minerals and particles are washed out
  • B horizon is where leached materials accumulate
  • C horizon is the lowest layer with little soil formation

Soil Texture

  • Proportions of particles (sand, silt, clay) affect water and air passage in soil
  • Soil triangle is used to classify soil based on its particle composition (clay, silt, sand)

Soil in the Philippines

  • Andisols are young soils from volcanic ash (fruiting plants)
  • Histosols are found in wetlands (coconuts, mangroves)
  • Oxisols are highly weathered Tropical soils (grass, cogon)
  • Vertisols have high clay content (rice, vegetables)
  • Ultisols are heavily weathered (pineapples, cassava, bananas)
  • Mollisols are rich in humus (grasslands, coffee, banana, plants)

Soil Degradation

  • Change in health that decrease ability to support organisms
  • Physical factors include rainfall, runoff, floods, wind erosion, etc.
  • Biological factors include poor farming practices and organic composition
  • Chemical factors include alteration in soil pH
  • Anthropogenic factors include deforestation, pesticides, etc.

Erosion

  • Transportation of weathered rocks by natural agents (water, wind, glaciers)
  • Causes include erodibility, texture, overgrazing, cutting, and contaminants
  • Preventing erosion includes shaping steep terrains, reducing farmland conversion, planting vegetation, applying organic fertilizer, and constructing walls

Mass Wasting

  • Downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil due to gravity
  • Types include: soil creep, solifluction, earthflow, mudflow, and debris slide (avalanche), and rockfall

Measures to Prevent Disasters

  • Hazard maps for identifying landslide prone areas
  • Engineering measures before hillslope development
  • Soft mitigation measures (information, educational campaigns)
  • Sediments include loose materials like weathered rocks, minerals, precipitation, and decayed organisms
  • Sedimentation is the deposition of sediments by water, wind, ice, or gravity
  • Factors affecting sediment include: sphericity, and roundness.
  • Sorting degree of uniformity of grain sizes

Geological Processes and Earth's Surface

  • Concepts explaining the formation of features, such as ridges and mountains, and movements.
  • Processes including those in the mantle-crust, and subduction zones
  • Plate tectonics, types of stress (tension, compression, shearing), properties of fault lines (normal, reverse, strike-slip, oblique)

Seafloor Spreading and Wilson Cycle

  • Explanation of oceanic crust formation from volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges
  • Wilson Cycle explains the cyclical opening and closing ocean basins, and various stages
  • Features like hotspots, hydrothermal vents, and seamounts (features of the ocean floor)

Divergent Boundaries

  • Form when two plates move away from each other
  • Causes mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and spreading ridges
  • Examples include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East African Rift Valley

Convergent Boundaries

  • Form when two plates move towards each other
  • Causes subduction zones, trenches, volcanic arcs, and mountain ranges
  • Examples include the Mariana Trench and the Himalayas

Transform Boundaries

  • Form when two plates slide past each other
  • Causes faults, fractures, and earthquakes along transform boundaries (fault lines such as the San Andreas fault)

Relative and Absolute Dating

  • Relative dating (laws of stratigraphy) estimates age based on relationships
  • Absolute dating numerically defines age using methods like radioactive decay
  • Principles include: Lateral Continuity, Law of Superposition, and Cross-Cutting relationships

###Magmatism

  • Processes, types of magma, and formations
  • Volcanic rocks formed from the solidification of lava flows
  • Plutonism theory describes the formation of Plutonic rocks

###Weathering

  • Process where rocks are chemically changed or physically broken down
  • Types include physical (abrasion, thermal action) and chemical (dissolution, hydrolysis, oxidation, and carbonation).
  • Factors in weathering include climate, rock composition, and surface area.

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