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Questions and Answers
The boiling point of water increases with lower atmospheric pressure.
False
Water is described as a colorless, transparent, and odorless liquid.
True
The density of water is expressed as 1000 kg/m³.
True
The density of water is greater at lower temperatures.
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The density of water is the same at all elevations.
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The weight of water is considered similar to its density.
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Water forms the basis of fluids in both living organisms and natural bodies like seas and lakes.
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The liquid compound H₂O is commonly referred to as hydrogen oxide.
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The specific gravity of a substance is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of its density to the density of water.
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1 liter of substance weighs 7 N has a density of 7 kg/m³.
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The specific weight of a substance is calculated by the formula 𝛾 = 𝜌g, where g is the acceleration due to gravity.
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500 L of Emperador Light weighing 396.942 kg has a specific gravity less than 1.
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The formula for converting 1 ft³ to gallons is 1 ft³ = 7.48 gal.
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At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi.
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The equation for absolute pressure is given by $P_{abs} = P_{atm} + P_{gauge}$.
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A pressure gauge measures the absolute pressure of a fluid.
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Standard atmospheric pressure is equal to 1 atm, which is equivalent to 760 mm Hg.
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The gauge pressure at the bottom of an 8 ft deep tank filled with water is 3.5 psi.
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In Denver, the atmospheric pressure is lower than at sea level at about 11.8 psi.
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A bicycle tire inflated to 50 psi has an absolute pressure of 344737 Pa regardless of the location.
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The pressure gauge placed at the bottom of the tank measures the total (absolute) pressure exerted by water.
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The volumetric flow rate can be expressed in gallons per minute (gpm).
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A pipe with a diameter of 250 mm will have a greater flow rate than a pipe with a diameter of 200 mm when the velocity is the same.
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The average volumetric flow rate can be determined by dividing the volume by the time taken to flow that volume.
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To find the average velocity of water exiting a hole, only the diameter of the hole is needed.
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Gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure.
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Specific gravity of a substance can be calculated using its weight in pounds per cubic foot.
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The volumetric flow rate in liters per second for water flowing out of a faucet can be calculated from the time it takes to dispense a specific volume.
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In a swimming pool, absolute pressure increases at a constant rate with depth regardless of the fluid.
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Study Notes
Definition of Water
- Water (H₂O) is a colorless, transparent, and odorless liquid essential for life.
- Boiling point is 100°C (212°F) at standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa).
Properties of Water
- Density (ρ) is the degree of compactness of a substance, with water having a density of approximately 1000 kg/m³ or 1 g/cm³.
- Specific weight (γ) measures the weight per unit volume, with water having γ = 9.81 kN/m³ or 62.4 lb/ft³.
- Specific gravity (SG) is a dimensionless ratio comparing the density of a substance to that of water, where SG of water is 1.
Key Fluid Properties
- Volume (V) measures the space occupied by a substance, with 1 m³ = 1000 L = 1,000,000 cm³.
- Pressure (P) is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas, measured in Pa, psi, or lb/in².
- Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 101,325 Pa or 14.7 psi.
Fluid Flow Characteristics
- Flow rate (Q) is the volume of fluid passing a point per unit time, measured in L/s or gallons/min.
- For a pipe or conduit, volumetric flow rate (Q) can be calculated as Q = A × v, where A is the cross-sectional area and v is the fluid velocity.
Important Calculations
- Gauge pressure (Pg) measures the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
- Absolute pressure (Pab) equals the gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure: Pab = Patm + Pg.
- A practical example involves calculating the pressure in fluids at various depths and conditions.
Measurements and Units
- Conversion units include: 1 ft³ = 7.48 gal, 1 gal ≈ 3.8 L, and specific conversions between metric and imperial units are necessary for accurate calculations.
Example Problems
- To calculate the specific weight of petrol weighing 7 N for 1 L, and apply similar formulas for various substances.
- Measure the average velocity and flow rate in pipes of different diameters carrying fluids at specified rates using appropriate formulas.
Application in Engineering
- Understanding fluid properties and behaviors is crucial for solving engineering problems related to water and other fluids, including pressure calculations and flow rates in various contexts such as plumbing and hydraulics.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential characteristics and properties of water, including fluid flow principles relevant to engineering. Participants will solve engineering problems that involve the behavior and flow of water, enhancing their understanding of this vital fluid's role in various applications.
