Water Properties and Pressure
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity?

  • Head Pressure
  • Velocity Head
  • Hydrostatic Pressure (correct)
  • Torricelli's Law

    • What is the formula used to calculate the pressure loss due to friction in a pipe?

  • Torricelli's Law
  • Bernoulli's Principle
  • Flow Rates and Pressure Drops
  • The formula is not provided in this content (correct)

    • What is the term for the pressure that arises from the motion of a fluid?

  • Velocity Pressure (correct)
  • Head Pressure
  • Hydrostatic Pressure
  • Flow Rates and Pressure Drops

    • What is the principle that states that the total energy of a fluid in motion is constant?

    <p>Bernoulli's Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pressure that arises from the weight of a fluid?

    <p>Hydrostatic Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sum of the pressure energy and the kinetic energy of a fluid?

    <p>Total Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using ventilation?

    <p>To control the concentration of airborne contaminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ventilation involves the removal of contaminants from a specific area?

    <p>Local (Exhaust) ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the rate at which a contaminant is removed from a room?

    <p>Purge rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure of the air flow rate through a given cross-sectional area?

    <p>Volumetric air flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hood is used to capture contaminants from a specific area?

    <p>Canopy hood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the pressure required to push air through a duct?

    <p>Static pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ventilation measurement equipment is used to measure air flow velocity?

    <p>Rotating vane anemometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the number of air changes per hour in a room?

    <p>Room air changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an air-cleaning device in ventilation?

    <p>To control the concentration of airborne contaminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the velocity of air required to capture contaminants from a specific area?

    <p>Capture velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that focuses on the release of energy as a cause of accidents?

    <p>Energy Release Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Modern Causation Model, what is one of the factors that can contribute to an accident?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an accident investigation?

    <p>To determine the root cause of an accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique used to identify potential hazards in a job or process?

    <p>Job Safety Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the method used to analyze the sequence of events leading to an accident?

    <p>Multilinear Events Sequencing Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that focuses on the role of human factors in accident causation?

    <p>Human Factors Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an event that has the potential to cause harm, but does not result in an accident?

    <p>Near-Miss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that focuses on the relationship between accidents and the systems in which they occur?

    <p>Systems Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Report of Investigation in an accident investigation?

    <p>To document the findings of the investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the method used to analyze the underlying causes of an accident?

    <p>The Scientific Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pressure exerted by a fluid due to the force of gravity?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law that describes the relationship between the pressure and velocity of a fluid?

    <p>Torricelli's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sum of the pressure energy and kinetic energy of a fluid?

    <p>Total energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that the total energy of a fluid in motion is constant?

    <p>Bernoulli's Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pressure that arises from the motion of a fluid?

    <p>Velocity pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the rate at which a fluid flows through a given cross-sectional area?

    <p>Flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that focuses on the role of energy release in accident causation?

    <p>Energy Release Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Fact Finding stage in an accident investigation?

    <p>To gather information about the accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique used to identify potential hazards in a job or process?

    <p>Job Safety Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an event that has the potential to cause harm, but does not result in an accident?

    <p>Near-Miss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the method used to analyze the sequence of events leading to an accident?

    <p>Multilinear Events Sequencing Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that focuses on the relationship between accidents and the systems in which they occur?

    <p>Systems Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Report of Investigation in an accident investigation?

    <p>To document the findings of the investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique used to analyze the underlying causes of an accident?

    <p>Root Cause Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an accident investigation?

    <p>To determine the cause of the accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model that recognizes that accidents can be caused by a combination of factors?

    <p>Modern Causation Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using general ventilation?

    <p>To reduce the concentration of contaminants in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ventilation is used to capture contaminants from a specific area?

    <p>Local exhaust ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the rate at which a contaminant is removed from a room?

    <p>Purge rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure of the air flow rate through a given cross-sectional area?

    <p>Volumetric air flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hood is used to capture contaminants from a specific area?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the pressure required to push air through a duct?

    <p>Static pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the number of air changes per hour in a room?

    <p>Air change rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an air-cleaning device in ventilation?

    <p>To remove contaminants from the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the velocity of air required to capture contaminants from a specific area?

    <p>Capture velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ventilation measurement equipment is used to measure air flow velocity?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary force responsible for hydrostatic pressure in a fluid?

    <p>Gravitational force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of Bernoulli's Principle?

    <p>Decrease in pressure with increase in velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pressure that arises from the motion of a fluid?

    <p>Velocity pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the pressure required to push air through a duct?

    <p>Pressure drop calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sum of the pressure energy and kinetic energy of a fluid?

    <p>Total energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the rate at which a fluid flows through a given cross-sectional area?

    <p>Flow rate calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the velocity of air in a ventilation system?

    <p>To capture contaminants from a specific area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using general ventilation?

    <p>To reduce the concentration of contaminants in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ventilation involves the removal of contaminants from a specific area?

    <p>Local exhaust ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the rate at which a contaminant is removed from a room?

    <p>Purge rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an air-cleaning device in ventilation?

    <p>To remove contaminants from the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the pressure required to push air through a duct?

    <p>Fan static pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure of the air flow rate through a given cross-sectional area?

    <p>Volumetric air flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the calculation of the number of air changes per hour in a room?

    <p>Air changes per hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the steady-state concentration of a contaminant?

    <p>To determine the maximum allowable concentration of a contaminant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of ventilation that involves the removal of contaminants from a specific source?

    <p>Local exhaust ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on the relationship between accidents and the systems in which they occur?

    <p>Systems Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Fact Finding stage in an accident investigation?

    <p>To gather information about the accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to analyze the sequence of events leading to an accident?

    <p>Multilinear Events Sequencing Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an event that has the potential to cause harm, but does not result in an accident?

    <p>Near-Miss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on the role of energy release in accident causation?

    <p>Energy Release Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an accident investigation?

    <p>To identify the root cause of the accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model recognizes that accidents can be caused by a combination of factors?

    <p>Combination Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Report of Investigation in an accident investigation?

    <p>To document the findings of the investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to identify potential hazards in a job or process?

    <p>Job Safety Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique used to analyze the underlying causes of an accident?

    <p>Root Cause Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fundamental unit of matter that is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total mass of an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons?

    <p>Atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid phase?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concentration of a substance in a given volume of solution?

    <p>Molarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas phase?

    <p>Vaporization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the minimum concentration of a substance required to produce a hazardous effect?

    <p>TLV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of identifying and evaluating the hazards associated with a substance?

    <p>Hazard identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concentration of a substance in the air that is immediately dangerous to life and health?

    <p>IDLH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)?

    <p>To ensure employees understand the hazards of chemicals in the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of removing contaminants from the air?

    <p>Air cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030)?

    <p>To prevent occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measurement of the amount of air that flows through a given cross-sectional area?

    <p>Air flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Control of Hazardous Energy Standard (29 CFR 1910.147)?

    <p>To prevent the unexpected startup of machinery during maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134)?

    <p>To prevent respiratory hazards in the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Record Keeping regulation (29 CFR 1904)?

    <p>To track workplace injuries and illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Fall Protection Standard (29 CFR 1926.500-503)?

    <p>To prevent falls from heights in the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) and the Globally Harmonized System (GHS)?

    <p>To harmonize hazard communication standards globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Hazards Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)?

    <p>To ensure employees understand the hazards of chemicals in the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the OSHA Citations and Penalties regulation?

    <p>To enforce compliance with OSHA regulations and standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the OSHA Appeals regulation?

    <p>To provide a process for employers and employees to contest OSHA citations and penalties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the atomic weight of a compound?

    <p>Atomic mass of the element x number of atoms of the element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the concentration of a gas or vapor?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the percentage of an element in a compound?

    <p>(Atomic mass of the element / Molecular mass of the compound) x 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal gas law equation?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conversion factor for converting pressure units to atmospheric pressure units?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of a gas or vapor?

    <p>TWA = (Sum of concentrations x time) / total time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the combined gas law equation?

    <p>To calculate the temperature of a gas at a given pressure and volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the percentage of a TLV (Threshold Limit Value) mixture?

    <p>%TLV = (Sum of TLV concentrations) / TLV of the mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to convert mg/m3 to ppm?

    <p>ppm = (mg/m3 x molecular weight) / 24.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the LFL (Lower Flammability Limit) calculation?

    <p>To calculate the minimum concentration of a gas or vapor that can be ignited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hydrostatic Pressure and Flow Rates

    • Hydrostatic pressure is related to Torricelli's Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and velocity.
    • Head pressure is a measure of pressure due to the height of a fluid column.
    • Velocity head is the pressure due to the velocity of a fluid.
    • Velocity pressure at constant laminar velocity is a measure of pressure due to the constant velocity of a fluid.

    Bernoulli's Principle

    • Describes the relationship between pressure and velocity in a fluid.
    • Key to understanding flow rates and pressure drops.

    Ventilation

    • Purpose: to remove contaminants and heat from the air.
    • Types: general, dilution, and local (exhaust) ventilation.
    • General concepts: air movement, contaminant generation, and purge rates.
    • Calculations: volumetric air flow, static pressure, velocity pressure, total pressure, velocity of air, and purge rates.

    Local Exhaust Ventilation

    • Types: canopy hood, down draft hood, enclosure hood, and receiving hood.
    • Calculations: hood entry losses, air flow velocity, and capture velocity for plain opening hood.
    • Components: ducts, fans, and air-cleaning devices.
    • Calculations: static pressure of the fan (SPh).

    Ventilation Measurement Equipment

    • Types: pitot tubes, rotating vane anemometers, and thermal anemometers.

    Accident Causation and Investigation

    • Theories: Domino, Heinrich's Axioms, Human Factors, Accident and Incident, Epidemiological, Systems, Energy Release, Behavior, and Combination.
    • Modern Causation Model: includes operating errors, systems defects, command error, safety program defect, and safety management errors.
    • Seven Avenues: countermeasures for safety management errors, safety program defects, command error defects, system defects, operating errors, mishap, and result.
    • Accident Investigation Procedures: purpose, investigation procedures, fact-finding, interviews, and problem-solving techniques.
    • Techniques: scientific method, gross hazard analysis, job safety analysis, failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, and multilinear events sequencing method.

    Hydrostatic Pressure and Flow Rates

    • Hydrostatic pressure is related to Torricelli's Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and velocity.
    • Head pressure is a measure of pressure due to the height of a fluid column.
    • Velocity head is the pressure due to the velocity of a fluid.
    • Velocity pressure at constant laminar velocity is a measure of pressure due to the constant velocity of a fluid.

    Bernoulli's Principle

    • Describes the relationship between pressure and velocity in a fluid.
    • Key to understanding flow rates and pressure drops.

    Ventilation

    • Purpose: to remove contaminants and heat from the air.
    • Types: general, dilution, and local (exhaust) ventilation.
    • General concepts: air movement, contaminant generation, and purge rates.
    • Calculations: volumetric air flow, static pressure, velocity pressure, total pressure, velocity of air, and purge rates.

    Local Exhaust Ventilation

    • Types: canopy hood, down draft hood, enclosure hood, and receiving hood.
    • Calculations: hood entry losses, air flow velocity, and capture velocity for plain opening hood.
    • Components: ducts, fans, and air-cleaning devices.
    • Calculations: static pressure of the fan (SPh).

    Ventilation Measurement Equipment

    • Types: pitot tubes, rotating vane anemometers, and thermal anemometers.

    Accident Causation and Investigation

    • Theories: Domino, Heinrich's Axioms, Human Factors, Accident and Incident, Epidemiological, Systems, Energy Release, Behavior, and Combination.
    • Modern Causation Model: includes operating errors, systems defects, command error, safety program defect, and safety management errors.
    • Seven Avenues: countermeasures for safety management errors, safety program defects, command error defects, system defects, operating errors, mishap, and result.
    • Accident Investigation Procedures: purpose, investigation procedures, fact-finding, interviews, and problem-solving techniques.
    • Techniques: scientific method, gross hazard analysis, job safety analysis, failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, and multilinear events sequencing method.

    Hydrostatic Pressure and Flow Rates

    • Hydrostatic pressure is related to Torricelli's Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and velocity.
    • Head pressure is a measure of pressure due to the height of a fluid column.
    • Velocity head is the pressure due to the velocity of a fluid.
    • Velocity pressure at constant laminar velocity is a measure of pressure due to the constant velocity of a fluid.

    Bernoulli's Principle

    • Describes the relationship between pressure and velocity in a fluid.
    • Key to understanding flow rates and pressure drops.

    Ventilation

    • Purpose: to remove contaminants and heat from the air.
    • Types: general, dilution, and local (exhaust) ventilation.
    • General concepts: air movement, contaminant generation, and purge rates.
    • Calculations: volumetric air flow, static pressure, velocity pressure, total pressure, velocity of air, and purge rates.

    Local Exhaust Ventilation

    • Types: canopy hood, down draft hood, enclosure hood, and receiving hood.
    • Calculations: hood entry losses, air flow velocity, and capture velocity for plain opening hood.
    • Components: ducts, fans, and air-cleaning devices.
    • Calculations: static pressure of the fan (SPh).

    Ventilation Measurement Equipment

    • Types: pitot tubes, rotating vane anemometers, and thermal anemometers.

    Accident Causation and Investigation

    • Theories: Domino, Heinrich's Axioms, Human Factors, Accident and Incident, Epidemiological, Systems, Energy Release, Behavior, and Combination.
    • Modern Causation Model: includes operating errors, systems defects, command error, safety program defect, and safety management errors.
    • Seven Avenues: countermeasures for safety management errors, safety program defects, command error defects, system defects, operating errors, mishap, and result.
    • Accident Investigation Procedures: purpose, investigation procedures, fact-finding, interviews, and problem-solving techniques.
    • Techniques: scientific method, gross hazard analysis, job safety analysis, failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, and multilinear events sequencing method.

    Particulates and Gases

    • Atomic Number is the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom.
    • Atomic Mass is the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom.
    • Chemical Bonding is the process of forming chemical bonds between atoms.
    • Moles are units of measurement used to express the amount of a substance.
    • Molecules are groups of atoms that are chemically bonded together.
    • Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances.
    • Chemical Formulas are used to represent the composition of molecules.
    • Atomic Weight of Compounds is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms present in the compound.
    • Percentage of Element in a Compound (by Weight) is calculated by dividing the weight of the element by the total weight of the compound and multiplying by 100.
    • Acids, Bases, and pH’s are related to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
    • Gas Laws describe the behavior of gases under different conditions.
    • Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.
    • Charles’ Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature.
    • Ideal Gas Law combines the principles of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law.

    Hazardous Materials Management

    • Hazardous Materials are substances that pose a risk to human health or the environment.
    • Hazardous Waste is waste that is hazardous to human health or the environment.
    • Basic Chemistry Review includes concepts such as atomic mass, atoms, and the periodic table of elements.
    • Measurements of Concentrations include units such as ppm, mg/m3, and percentage weight.
    • Hazardous Materials/Hazardous Waste Properties include physical hazards, health hazards, and environmental hazards.
    • Key Regulations Governing Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Wastes include the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980).

    Regulations

    • Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) is a federal law that regulates workplace safety and health.
    • Who Is Covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Act? includes most employers and employees in the United States.
    • General Duty Clause requires employers to provide a safe and healthy work environment.
    • Employer Rights and Responsibilities include providing a safe workplace, training employees, and maintaining records.
    • Employee Rights and Responsibilities include reporting hazards, participating in training, and following safety procedures.
    • OSHA Inspections and Process include inspections, citations, and penalties.
    • Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) requires employers to inform employees about hazardous chemicals in the workplace.

    Personal Protective Equipment and Respiratory Protection

    • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes items such as gloves, safety glasses, and hard hats.
    • Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134) requires employers to provide respiratory protection to employees when necessary.
    • Fall Protection Standard (29 CFR 1926.500–503) requires employers to provide fall protection to employees when working at heights.

    Record Keeping and Reporting

    • Record Keeping includes maintaining records of workplace injuries, illnesses, and hazards.
    • OSHA 300, 300-A, and 301 forms are used to record workplace injuries and illnesses.
    • Reporting Serious Incidents or Fatalities (29 CFR 1904.39) requires employers to report certain incidents to OSHA.

    Key Information to Remember

    • Key Information to Remember on Particulates and Gases includes the concepts of atomic number, atomic mass, and chemical bonding.
    • Key Information to Remember on Regulations includes the importance of providing a safe and healthy work environment, training employees, and maintaining records.
    • Key Information to Remember on Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste includes the properties of hazardous materials and the regulations governing their management.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of water properties, hydrostatic pressure, and related concepts. Learn about Torricelli's Law, head pressure, and velocity head.

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