Water Properties and Pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure and Flow Rates

• Hydrostatic pressure is related to Torricelli's Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and velocity.
• Head pressure is a measure of pressure due to the height of a fluid column.
• Velocity head is the pressure due to the velocity of a fluid.
• Velocity pressure at constant laminar velocity is a measure of pressure due to the constant velocity of a fluid.

Bernoulli's Principle

• Describes the relationship between pressure and velocity in a fluid.
• Key to understanding flow rates and pressure drops.

Ventilation

• Purpose: to remove contaminants and heat from the air.
• Types: general, dilution, and local (exhaust) ventilation.
• General concepts: air movement, contaminant generation, and purge rates.
• Calculations: volumetric air flow, static pressure, velocity pressure, total pressure, velocity of air, and purge rates.

Local Exhaust Ventilation

• Types: canopy hood, down draft hood, enclosure hood, and receiving hood.
• Calculations: hood entry losses, air flow velocity, and capture velocity for plain opening hood.
• Components: ducts, fans, and air-cleaning devices.
• Calculations: static pressure of the fan (SPh).

Ventilation Measurement Equipment

• Types: pitot tubes, rotating vane anemometers, and thermal anemometers.

Accident Causation and Investigation

• Theories: Domino, Heinrich's Axioms, Human Factors, Accident and Incident, Epidemiological, Systems, Energy Release, Behavior, and Combination.
• Modern Causation Model: includes operating errors, systems defects, command error, safety program defect, and safety management errors.
• Seven Avenues: countermeasures for safety management errors, safety program defects, command error defects, system defects, operating errors, mishap, and result.
• Accident Investigation Procedures: purpose, investigation procedures, fact-finding, interviews, and problem-solving techniques.
• Techniques: scientific method, gross hazard analysis, job safety analysis, failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, and multilinear events sequencing method.

Hydrostatic Pressure and Flow Rates

• Hydrostatic pressure is related to Torricelli's Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and velocity.
• Head pressure is a measure of pressure due to the height of a fluid column.
• Velocity head is the pressure due to the velocity of a fluid.
• Velocity pressure at constant laminar velocity is a measure of pressure due to the constant velocity of a fluid.

Bernoulli's Principle

• Describes the relationship between pressure and velocity in a fluid.
• Key to understanding flow rates and pressure drops.

Ventilation

• Purpose: to remove contaminants and heat from the air.
• Types: general, dilution, and local (exhaust) ventilation.
• General concepts: air movement, contaminant generation, and purge rates.
• Calculations: volumetric air flow, static pressure, velocity pressure, total pressure, velocity of air, and purge rates.

Local Exhaust Ventilation

• Types: canopy hood, down draft hood, enclosure hood, and receiving hood.
• Calculations: hood entry losses, air flow velocity, and capture velocity for plain opening hood.
• Components: ducts, fans, and air-cleaning devices.
• Calculations: static pressure of the fan (SPh).

Ventilation Measurement Equipment

• Types: pitot tubes, rotating vane anemometers, and thermal anemometers.

Accident Causation and Investigation

• Theories: Domino, Heinrich's Axioms, Human Factors, Accident and Incident, Epidemiological, Systems, Energy Release, Behavior, and Combination.
• Modern Causation Model: includes operating errors, systems defects, command error, safety program defect, and safety management errors.
• Seven Avenues: countermeasures for safety management errors, safety program defects, command error defects, system defects, operating errors, mishap, and result.
• Accident Investigation Procedures: purpose, investigation procedures, fact-finding, interviews, and problem-solving techniques.
• Techniques: scientific method, gross hazard analysis, job safety analysis, failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, and multilinear events sequencing method.

Hydrostatic Pressure and Flow Rates

• Hydrostatic pressure is related to Torricelli's Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and velocity.
• Head pressure is a measure of pressure due to the height of a fluid column.
• Velocity head is the pressure due to the velocity of a fluid.
• Velocity pressure at constant laminar velocity is a measure of pressure due to the constant velocity of a fluid.

Bernoulli's Principle

• Describes the relationship between pressure and velocity in a fluid.
• Key to understanding flow rates and pressure drops.

Ventilation

• Purpose: to remove contaminants and heat from the air.
• Types: general, dilution, and local (exhaust) ventilation.
• General concepts: air movement, contaminant generation, and purge rates.
• Calculations: volumetric air flow, static pressure, velocity pressure, total pressure, velocity of air, and purge rates.

Local Exhaust Ventilation

• Types: canopy hood, down draft hood, enclosure hood, and receiving hood.
• Calculations: hood entry losses, air flow velocity, and capture velocity for plain opening hood.
• Components: ducts, fans, and air-cleaning devices.
• Calculations: static pressure of the fan (SPh).

Ventilation Measurement Equipment

• Types: pitot tubes, rotating vane anemometers, and thermal anemometers.

Accident Causation and Investigation

• Theories: Domino, Heinrich's Axioms, Human Factors, Accident and Incident, Epidemiological, Systems, Energy Release, Behavior, and Combination.
• Modern Causation Model: includes operating errors, systems defects, command error, safety program defect, and safety management errors.
• Seven Avenues: countermeasures for safety management errors, safety program defects, command error defects, system defects, operating errors, mishap, and result.
• Accident Investigation Procedures: purpose, investigation procedures, fact-finding, interviews, and problem-solving techniques.
• Techniques: scientific method, gross hazard analysis, job safety analysis, failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, and multilinear events sequencing method.

Particulates and Gases

• Atomic Number is the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom.
• Atomic Mass is the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom.
• Chemical Bonding is the process of forming chemical bonds between atoms.
• Moles are units of measurement used to express the amount of a substance.
• Molecules are groups of atoms that are chemically bonded together.
• Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances.
• Chemical Formulas are used to represent the composition of molecules.
• Atomic Weight of Compounds is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms present in the compound.
• Percentage of Element in a Compound (by Weight) is calculated by dividing the weight of the element by the total weight of the compound and multiplying by 100.
• Acids, Bases, and pH’s are related to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
• Gas Laws describe the behavior of gases under different conditions.
• Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.
• Charles’ Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature.
• Ideal Gas Law combines the principles of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law.

Hazardous Materials Management

• Hazardous Materials are substances that pose a risk to human health or the environment.
• Hazardous Waste is waste that is hazardous to human health or the environment.
• Basic Chemistry Review includes concepts such as atomic mass, atoms, and the periodic table of elements.
• Measurements of Concentrations include units such as ppm, mg/m3, and percentage weight.
• Hazardous Materials/Hazardous Waste Properties include physical hazards, health hazards, and environmental hazards.
• Key Regulations Governing Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Wastes include the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980).

Regulations

• Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) is a federal law that regulates workplace safety and health.
• Who Is Covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Act? includes most employers and employees in the United States.
• General Duty Clause requires employers to provide a safe and healthy work environment.
• Employer Rights and Responsibilities include providing a safe workplace, training employees, and maintaining records.
• Employee Rights and Responsibilities include reporting hazards, participating in training, and following safety procedures.
• OSHA Inspections and Process include inspections, citations, and penalties.
• Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) requires employers to inform employees about hazardous chemicals in the workplace.

Personal Protective Equipment and Respiratory Protection

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes items such as gloves, safety glasses, and hard hats.
• Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134) requires employers to provide respiratory protection to employees when necessary.
• Fall Protection Standard (29 CFR 1926.500–503) requires employers to provide fall protection to employees when working at heights.

Record Keeping and Reporting

• Record Keeping includes maintaining records of workplace injuries, illnesses, and hazards.
• OSHA 300, 300-A, and 301 forms are used to record workplace injuries and illnesses.
• Reporting Serious Incidents or Fatalities (29 CFR 1904.39) requires employers to report certain incidents to OSHA.

Key Information to Remember

• Key Information to Remember on Particulates and Gases includes the concepts of atomic number, atomic mass, and chemical bonding.
• Key Information to Remember on Regulations includes the importance of providing a safe and healthy work environment, training employees, and maintaining records.
• Key Information to Remember on Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste includes the properties of hazardous materials and the regulations governing their management.

Test your understanding of water properties, hydrostatic pressure, and related concepts. Learn about Torricelli's Law, head pressure, and velocity head.