Water Management and Irrigation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of fresh water is used for irrigation?

  • 80%
  • 90%
  • 50%
  • 70% (correct)

    • Nature-based solutions are considered irrelevant for climate change.

    False

    What is the term for increasing agricultural productivity with water efficiency?

    more crop per drop

    Irrigation scheduling is the most important factor in __________.

    <p>efficient technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following irrigation methods with their description:

    <p>Deficit irrigation = Water supply is less than the crop's needs Sprinkler = Water is sprayed on plants like rain Efficient Technology = Innovative tools to maximize water use Irrigation scheduling = Planning water application timings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can wastewater contribute to according to the concepts?

    <p>Rejuvenating ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitoring and data are key elements for effective water management.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of changing Californian irrigation methods despite population growth?

    <p>Total water use declined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a major challenge related to water security?

    <p>Water for recreation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 2100, it is projected that 630 million people may live on land below annual flood levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two consequences of water-related disasters?

    <p>Flooding and drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-related migration and conflicts are considered a major challenge related to __________.

    <p>water security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following challenges related to water with their descriptions:

    <p>Water related disasters = Flooding and drought Water and sanitation = Drinking water and pollution Water for energy = Hydro-electricity Water for ecosystems = Quality and quantity management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of low access to drinking water?

    <p>High infant mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rural households have better access to sanitation facilities compared to urban households.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people die from contaminated water each year?

    <p>780,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Globally, the number of lakes with harmful algal blooms is expected to increase by at least ____% until 2050.

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of pollution with their sources:

    <p>Heavy metal contamination = Textile industry Plastic pollution = General waste discharge Naturally occurring arsenic = Groundwater contamination Algal blooms = Nutrient runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does wastewater discharge have on aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>Causes deoxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately 140 million people are affected by naturally occurring arsenic pollution worldwide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors often limit rural households' access to improved water sources?

    <p>Income level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a major fast killer due to lack of sanitation?

    <p>Flooding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flooding causes more economic damage than drought.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people globally have access to toilets?

    <p>4.5 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Globally, __________ have access to mobile phones.

    <p>6 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Since 1990, how many more people gained access to sanitation?

    <p>2.1 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Safe containment of wastewater = Safe for people Safe discharge or treatment of wastewater = Safe for ecosystem Access to toilets = 64% of the global population Access to mobile phones = 86% of the global population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most mega cities have adequate sanitation facilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the global population currently has access to toilets?

    <p>64%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are major water resources mentioned?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Water-Energy-Land-Food nexus refers to the interconnection between water, energy, land, and food sectors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some challenges faced in water resources management?

    <p>Water scarcity, pollution, climate change, and competition among water users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principles guiding integrated water resources management are referred to as the _____ principles.

    <p>Dublin-Rio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the water resources with their corresponding usage:

    <p>Dams = Storage and regulation of water flow Reservoirs = Supplementing water supply Natural lakes = Ecosystem support and recreation Spring = Freshwater source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sector is known to demand the most water?

    <p>Agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climate change does not influence water resource availability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one application of the Sustainable Development Goals related to water.

    <p>Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key element of the DPSIR framework?

    <p>Drivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plagiarism is discouraged and reports will be checked by Turnitin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus when analyzing the water resource system?

    <p>Identification of key problems and challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The introduction of the scientific report should include a general __________ description.

    <p>case-study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a scientific report with their descriptions:

    <p>Introduction = General case-study description and key problems Methods = Stakeholder analysis and framework application Results = DPSIR framework classification Conclusion = Formulation of conclusions and recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should not be included in the report?

    <p>Excessive photos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stakeholder analysis is a significant part of the methods section in the report.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major challenge commonly faced by water resource systems?

    <p>Pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reports should adhere to a __________ writing and reporting style.

    <p>scientific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following case studies with their focus areas:

    <p>Var basin, France = Flood protection Doñana Aquifer, Spain = Groundwater Mekong delta, Vietnam = Water scarcity Cuanza River, Angola = Urban water supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the results in the scientific report be structured?

    <p>By evaluating responses and applying the DPSIR framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum length of the report is ten pages per student.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect to consider when selecting a case study?

    <p>Relevance to major challenges in water management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The report should conclude with __________ and recommendations.

    <p>conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water Resources Management 1

    • Course offered by KU LEUVEN and Vrije Universiteit Brussel
    • Instructor: Prof. Dr. ir. Anne Gobin
    • Course covers water resources management, case study analysis, and major water challenges.
    • Course objectives include overview of global water challenges, comparing country/region challenges with global ones, connecting global issues to country specific issues.

    Outline

    • Major Challenges for Water Resources Management
    • Introduction to case study analysis in group
    • Individual case study (google form)

    Objectives

    • Overview of water challenges at a global scale, with a future perspective
    • Comparing country/region challenges with global challenges and challenges of fellow students
    • Linking global water challenges to a major water challenge in the user's country/region (google form exercise)

    SDGs and Water

    • Strong relation: health, sanitation, life, climate, sustainable cities, poverty, hunger, food production, growth, innovation, education.
    • Medium relation: responsible consumption and production, sustainable cities and communities.
    • Water-related disasters (droughts, flooding)
    • Water and sanitation (drinking water, water pollution, human health)
    • Water for energy (hydro-electricity)
    • Water for ecosystems (quality, quantity)
    • Water for food production
    • Water-related migration and conflicts

    Water Related Disasters: Droughts + Floods

    • Global deaths from disasters over a century: annual death tolls have decreased significantly in the 20th century
    • Global reported natural disasters by type (1970-2019): significant increase in reported natural disasters
    • Droughts: annual people affected by drought (1996-2015): high numbers in Ethiopia, India, and China
    • Types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, ecological
    • Ecological drought leads to desertification
    • Probability of occurrence and likelihood of changes in net precipitation (2010-2050): most dry areas will become drier, wet areas wetter
    • Severity of occurrence in different regions (China 2021, Europe 2021, Brazil 2021, Morocco 2024, Central Europe 2024)
    • Specific examples of devastating floods in various countries and regions in 2021.
    • Heavy rains causing floods: El Niño (Peru)
    • Sea floods (inundation from the sea): historic flooding (1953) across several countries and regions

    Water Related Disasters: Floods - Risk

    • Risk equation: probability of occurrence (likelihood) x severity of occurrence
    • Increase in potential risk: climate change (more extreme rainfall), increase in the surface area of deltas, coastal areas, and river systems, population expansion in risky areas, uneven distribution of people at risk
    • Unequal distribution of people at risk (200 million in Northern latitudes and 1450 million in Southern latitudes)
    • Global flooding events (1996-2015): highlights distribution globally

    Water and Sanitation: Disasters/Diseases

    • Average annual impact from disasters, diseases and conflict: flooding and droughts affect many people, lack of sanitation is a major killer
    • People affected, people killed (from diarrhea and cholera), economic damage globally

    Urbanisation, Water and Sanitation

    • Mega cities increasing, slums without access to sanitation/drinking water
    • Population density (2010/2050): shows growing urban areas as areas of high water demand/need
    • Water demand from Kinshasa, Mumbai

    Water and Sanitation: Access to Sanitation & Drinking Water

    • Globally 4.5 billion people have access to toilets
    • Good progress since 1990: 2.1 Billion more people gained access
    • Globally 6 billion have access to mobile phones
    • Safe containment and discharge of wastewater: importance for human and ecosystem safety, with unequal access between city centers and slums

    Water and Sanitation: Water Pollution

    • Discharge of wastewater into surface water: resulting algal blooms, deoxygenation, and aquatic ecosystem loss
    • Number of lakes with harmful algal blooms will increase by 20% by 2050
    • 21 million people, including children, live within 5km from lakes with high turbidity (water cloudiness)

    Water and Sanitation: Pollution, Wastewater

    • Discharge of chemicals, plastic, and other waste into surface water, causing pollution
    • Polluted water from the textile industry (lead, cadmium, chromium): impacting nearly 140 million people
    • Floating rubbish in rivers: worsened since the 1990s, damaging water quality in Latin America, Africa and Asia
    • Plastic inputs to oceans: pathway of primary plastic production, global plastic waste, coastal waste, and mismanaged waste: creating a large input to the world's oceans (8 million t per year)

    Water and Sanitation: Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment

    • Drinking water – highest priority
    • Wastewater treatment – increasing priority
    • Creating a win-win by re-use: for drinking water - high standards of hygiene, for agriculture – welcome of nutrients but not bacterial contamination.
    • Primary, secondary, and tertiary water treatment: steps in removing nutrients and contamination for safe drinking water

    Water and Sanitation: Wastewater Treatment and Re-use

    • Wastewater treatment and reuse:
    • Pumping water to treat using various techniques: ultra filtration, reverse osmosis
    • After treatment and use, flows back to wastewater treatment plant.

    Water for Energy: Hydropower

    • Hydropower use in 2020: 4.4 PWh per year
    • Projected increase in 2050: 6.2 PetaWh (80% increase)
    • Displacement of people, disturbed sediment and flow dynamics in rivers, sediment trapping, ecological flow for aquatic life, fish migration, economic analysis (optimistic)

    Water for Energy: Dam Construction

    • Current dams, planned new dams (3,700): planned hydropower increase is especially large in the Amazon, Congo, Yangtze and Himalayan river Basins.
    • Displaced people, tensions and conflicts linked to dams
    • Types of dam, tunnelling and power-house constructions.

    Water for (Aquatic) Ecosystems: Quantity and Quality

    • Biodiversity dependent on water quantity and quality
    • Need for ecological flows and mitigation of eutrophication problems in rivers and aquifers
    • Higher temperatures lead to more algal blooms
    • Wetlands decline globally, being drained for agriculture

    Water for Ecosystems: Quantity and Quality

    • Ecosystem valuation: benefits exceeding costs of water-related investments. Global GDP and Economic Value of Ecosystem Service Costs
    • Ecosystems experience decline and loss of services from land use change
    • Declining wetlands, declining Coastal Mangroves: loss over the past 1996 years to 2021

    Soil Erosion, Water for Ecosystems

    • Soil erosion carries away large amounts of soil, reducing ability to regulate water, carbon and nutrients
    • Impacts of transporation of nitrogen and phosphorus off land: major effects on water quality

    Water for Ecosystems: Quantity and Quality

    • Freshwater ecosystem protection is essential
    • Nature-based solutions for climate change/extreme weather, wastewater treatment, and rejuvenating ecosystems
    • Inter-sector/border coordination and monitoring/data key

    Water and Food Production: Competition

    • Increasing competition for water
    • Water stress negatively impacts agricultural and economic development
    • Water stress regions 2010-2050
    • Levels of water stress globally.

    Water for Food Production

    • Gap in crop yields in irrigated agriculture, by 2050
    • Improved water management increasing crop yields in irrigated agriculture
    • Gap in crop yields for irrigation globally by 2050

    Water for Food Production - Irrigation

    • Water use for irrigation globally: 70%
    • Need to improve crop yields; improving crops per drop, methods from gravity to sprinkler/ drip
    • Irrigation decline compared with population growth in California
    • Potential water savings in California: from deficit irrigation, scheduling, efficient technology

    Water for Food Production: Ground Water Stress Index

    • Groundwater stress index: highlights regions under high/low/extreme stress for groundwater use
    • Shows regions with high water demands dependent on groundwater
    • Shows distribution of wheat, maize, rice, cotton, and other crops used in areas with high water demand

    Water for Food Production: Evapotranspiration

    • Evapotranspiration: consumptive use of water
    • 70% of fresh water used globally for irrigation, unevenly distributed (higher in semi-arid areas)
    • Sustainable salt balance by leaching
    • Catchment management

    Water for Energy Crop Production

    • Food and feed for harvesting,
    • Grass and fodder for grazing, Energy crops, and Wood production for industrial use.
    • Increased energy crop production: causes significant land/water competition

    Migration and Conflicts linked to water

    • Water stress encourages migration - people move from drylands
    • Drought, Flooding, Sea level rise causes migration, displacement patterns globally
    • Saltwater intrusion: results from exploited aquifer in 20% of the world: causes soil salinisation
    • 630 million people potentially at risk from rising sea levels
    • Water related conflicts globally

    Course Structure

    • Part 1: Major challenges in water resource management
    • Part 2: Introduction to case study analysis in groups (3-4 students)
    • Part 3: Individual case study (Google Form)
    • Regional examples covering water resources, challenges from past years
    • Student groups select a case study for implementation and write a presentation for grading
    • Specific Do's and Don'ts in writing the presentation and case study

    Case Study Selection

    • Select a region of interest and a country
    • Select a major water resource challenge and its management
    • Formulate key problems and challenges
    • Apply the DPSIR framework to the case study
    • Follow a scientific writing and reporting style

    Evaluation Criteria

    • Thematic aspects/analysis of hydro-social system
    • Identification of key problems/challenges
    • Stakeholder analysis
    • Current response to the system
    • Results/discussions/recommendations, DPSIR framework application
    • Reflection on response R, discussion of DPSI & R
    • Conclusions and recommendations, quality of report
    • Layout, structure, and size (maximum 10 pages)
    • Photo use optional

    Additional Points

    • Tools for report writing (e.g., Zotero, Mendeley, Endnote) are mentioned
    • Data for reports, and course activities given on Google Forms.

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    Water Resources Management 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on water management, irrigation methods, and the impact of climate change on water security. This quiz covers essential concepts related to irrigation efficiency, agricultural productivity, and the challenges posed by water-related disasters and conflicts. Dive into the details of how water influences our environment and society.

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