Water Balance and Electrolytes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What primarily regulates fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments?

  • Electrolyte concentrations (correct)
  • Hormonal signals
  • Oxygen levels in the blood
  • Temperature changes

What stimulates the thirst center in the body?

  • Decrease in blood pressure (correct)
  • Increased body temperature
  • Decreased plasma osmolality
  • Increased blood volume

What is a potential consequence of water imbalance?

  • Hyponatremia (correct)
  • Improved kidney function
  • Hyperthermia
  • Weight gain

Which ion is primarily high in intracellular fluid compared to extracellular fluid?

<p>Phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What acid-base condition can prolonged vomiting lead to?

<p>Metabolic alkalosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are chemical buffers considered the first line of defense against pH shifts?

<p>They can act immediately to neutralize acids or bases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does ADH have on water output in the kidneys?

<p>Decreases water output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the accumulation of ketone bodies lead to in the body?

<p>Ketoacidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the protein buffer system in pH regulation?

<p>To bind hydrogen ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood donation affect the thirst mechanism in the body?

<p>It stimulates thirst and ADH release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of renin-angiotensin system activation?

<p>Promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gastric band placement potentially alter thirst mechanisms?

<p>By disrupting stretch receptor signals from a reduced stomach capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the fluid exchange in capillaries?

<p>Net hydrostatic forces and osmotic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of diuretics in relation to kidney function?

<p>Reduce sodium reabsorption and increase urine production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a consequence of aldosterone release?

<p>Decreased water retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does net hydrostatic pressure play at the venous end of capillaries?

<p>It balances fluid intake with osmotic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes aldosterone's function?

<p>It regulates salt and water balance to maintain blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do diuretics affect blood volume?

<p>They decrease blood volume by increasing urine output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the renin-angiotensin system have on potassium in the body?

<p>Promotes potassium excretion through aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Renin-angiotensin activation effect

Increases aldosterone release, leading to sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion, and water retention.

Gastric band effect on thirst

May alter thirst mechanisms by reducing stomach capacity and affecting stretch receptors.

Net hydrostatic forces

Forces that push fluid out of capillaries at the arterial end and into them at the venous end.

Diuretic function

Increases urine output by reducing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Sodium reabsorption

The process of taking sodium from the filtrate back into the blood.

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Aldosterone effect

Promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys and potassium excretion.

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Fluid exchange

The movement of fluids across capillary walls.

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Blood pressure regulation

Controlled by the complex interplay of the renin-angiotensin system, fluid balance, diuretics, and hydrostatic forces.

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Electrolyte balance

Maintaining proper concentrations of important ions in the body fluids.

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Kidney function relating to blood pressure

The kidneys play a central role in regulating blood pressure through actions like sodium reabsorption and water balance.

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Interdependence of water and electrolytes

Water movement across cell membranes is influenced by electrolyte concentrations, and electrolytes regulate fluid distribution between compartments.

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Thirst center stimulation

Triggered by high blood salt concentration (osmolality), low blood volume/pressure, or a hormone called angiotensin II.

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Thirst center inhibition

Stopped by enough water intake, lower blood salt concentration, or sensations from your stomach or intestines.

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Water imbalance effects

Leads to dehydration, overhydration, electrolyte imbalances, cellular issues, and potentially dangerous conditions like low or high sodium levels.

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Extracellular vs. Intracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid is rich in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate; intracellular fluid is rich in potassium, magnesium, and phosphate.

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Prolonged vomiting effects

Causes electrolyte loss (especially sodium and potassium), acid loss leading to a blood alkaline imbalance, and dehydration.

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Chemical buffer systems

Act quickly to neutralize excess acid or base, maintaining a healthy blood pH before other systems respond.

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Ketone bodies & effects

Fat breakdown produces ketone bodies; high levels can make the blood too acidic (ketoacidosis).

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ADH & water output

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing how much water is released from the body.

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Blood donation & thirst

Donating blood decreases blood volume, triggering the thirst mechanism and ADH release to restore fluid levels.

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Study Notes

Water Balance and Electrolytes

  • Water and electrolyte balance are interdependent. Water movement across cell membranes depends on osmotic gradients created by electrolyte concentrations. Electrolytes regulate fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments.
  • Water imbalance can result in dehydration, overhydration, electrolyte imbalances, cellular dysfunction, hyponatremia, or hypernatremia.

Thirst Center Regulation

  • Thirst is stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, decreased blood volume/pressure, or angiotensin II.
  • Thirst is inhibited by adequate water intake, decreased osmolality, and stretch receptors in the stomach and intestines.

Extracellular vs. Intracellular Fluid

  • Extracellular fluid is high in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions; lower in potassium and magnesium.
  • Intracellular fluid is high in potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions; lower in sodium and chloride.

Effects of Prolonged Vomiting

  • Prolonged vomiting leads to electrolyte loss (e.g., sodium, potassium).
  • It causes metabolic alkalosis due to loss of stomach acid (HCl).
  • It results in dehydration and decreased blood volume.

Buffer Systems and pH Regulation

  • Buffer systems (bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein) minimize pH changes.
  • The protein buffer system, including hemoglobin and plasma proteins, buffers pH by binding hydrogen ions.
  • Chemical buffers act immediately to neutralize excess acids or bases, maintaining pH homeostasis.

Effects of Ketone Bodies

  • Accumulation of ketone bodies from fat metabolism causes ketoacidosis.
  • Ketoacidosis lowers blood pH and leads to metabolic acidosis.

ADH and Water Output

  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys' collecting ducts, reducing water output and concentrating urine.

Blood Donations and Thirst

  • Blood donation reduces blood volume, stimulating thirst and ADH release to restore fluid levels.

Renin-Angiotensin System and Electrolyte Balance

  • Renin-angiotensin system activation increases aldosterone release.
  • Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion, and water retention, maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

Gastric Band and Thirst

  • Gastric band placement may reduce stomach capacity, potentially altering thirst reflexes due to decreased stretch receptor signals.

Net Hydrostatic Forces

  • Net hydrostatic forces drive fluid out of capillaries at the arterial end and into capillaries at the venous end, balancing fluid exchange with osmotic pressure.

Diuretics

  • Diuretics increase urine production by reducing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
  • This decreases blood volume and pressure.

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