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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump?
Which of the following is NOT a component of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
How do solutes move passively through membranes?
What is the primary source of fluid intake for the body?
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In which body tissues would dehydration occur?
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What triggers the sensation of thirst according to the given text?
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What hormone does the kidneys produce in a dehydrated state?
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Which electrolyte is mainly responsible for nerve excitability?
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What is the primary function of chloride in the extracellular fluid?
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In acid-base balance, what substance is essential for stabilizing cell membranes?
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Which electrolyte is absorbed under the influence of calcitriol?
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What is the main function of phosphate in the body?
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Which system controls acid-base balance within minutes?
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Study Notes
Fluid Composition and Movement
- Water makes up approximately 75% of an infant's body, 50-60% of an adult's body, and 45% of an elderly person's body.
- The brain and kidneys have the highest proportion of water in the body.
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) comprises about 60% of the body's total water and has a consistent volume.
- ICF has high amounts of potassium, phosphate, magnesium, and protein.
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) has high amounts of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
Electrolytes and the Sodium-Potassium Pump
- The 6 most important electrolytes are sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate, and phosphate.
- Electrolytes are responsible for nerve excitability, endocrine function, membrane permeability, buffering body fluids, and controlling fluid movement.
- The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium out of a cell and potassium into a cell.
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Hyponatremia is too little sodium, while hypernatremia is too much sodium.
- Hypokalemia is too little potassium, while hyperkalemia is too much potassium.
- Hypochloremia is too little chloride, while hyperchloremia is too much chloride.
- Hypocalcemia is too little calcium, while hypercalcemia is too much calcium.
- Hypophosphatemia is too little phosphate, while hyperphosphatemia is too much phosphate.
Acid-Base Balance
- The blood pH must be between 7.35-7.45, with 7 being neutral.
- Buffers, such as plasma proteins, phosphate, bicarbonate, and carbonic acid, help maintain acid-base balance.
- The respiratory system controls acid-base balance within minutes, while the urinary system controls it over hours and days.
Acid-Base Imbalances
- Hypercapnia is too much carbon dioxide in the blood, while hypocapnia is too little carbon dioxide.
- Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is too little bicarbonate.
- Symptoms of physiological acidosis include headache, confusion, lethargy, shortness of breath, and weakness.
- Symptoms of alkalosis include cognitive impairment, stupor, tingling or numb extremities, muscle twitches, and nausea.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the role of water, solutes, and electrolytes in the human body. Learn about osmosis, fluid compartments, and the proportion of water in different organs at various stages of life.
