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Questions and Answers
How does the moisture content of forage affect water intake?
How does the moisture content of forage affect water intake?
Which factor significantly affects the water intake of mature cattle during heat stress?
Which factor significantly affects the water intake of mature cattle during heat stress?
Which nutrient type correlates with increased water consumption?
Which nutrient type correlates with increased water consumption?
What is one primary function of water in the body?
What is one primary function of water in the body?
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Which of the following is a natural source of essential nutrients for plants?
Which of the following is a natural source of essential nutrients for plants?
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How does water contribute to digestion?
How does water contribute to digestion?
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What is a key characteristic of water that aids in regulating body temperature?
What is a key characteristic of water that aids in regulating body temperature?
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Which of the following components is NOT directly related to water's functions in the body?
Which of the following components is NOT directly related to water's functions in the body?
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What is the primary end product of glucose metabolism in the presence of oxygen?
What is the primary end product of glucose metabolism in the presence of oxygen?
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Which type of water contributes significantly to the hydration of animals that do not drink water regularly?
Which type of water contributes significantly to the hydration of animals that do not drink water regularly?
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During the breakdown of which nutrient is the most metabolic water produced per gram?
During the breakdown of which nutrient is the most metabolic water produced per gram?
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Which food source has the highest percentage of water content on a dry matter basis?
Which food source has the highest percentage of water content on a dry matter basis?
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What is the percentage of water in an adult bovine's body composition?
What is the percentage of water in an adult bovine's body composition?
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What is the water percentage content in coastal hay?
What is the water percentage content in coastal hay?
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Which nutrient produced the least amount of metabolic water when metabolized?
Which nutrient produced the least amount of metabolic water when metabolized?
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Which of the following is NOT a significant source of water for animals?
Which of the following is NOT a significant source of water for animals?
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Study Notes
Water and Body Fluids (Lecture Objectives)
- The lecture covers water functions and requirements, water consumption, quality, and water balance/osmoregulation.
- The lecture also covers body fluids, blood components related to nutrition, blood-related diseases, and electrolytes/dietary electrolyte balance.
Basic Nutrients and Their Function
- Water is essential for life and the cheapest/most abundant nutrient.
- Nutrients have regulatory, structural, and energy functions.
Functions of Water
- Water acts as a transport medium for nutrients and waste products.
- It's crucial in metabolic and chemical reactions (hydrolysis).
- Water aids digestion and absorption.
- It regulates body temperature using its high specific heat.
- Water regulates ionic concentrations (acts as a solvent).
- It maintains cell shape, lubricates body parts, and is involved in sight and sound.
- Water maintains blood volume and osmotic pressure.
- Reproduction requires water.
Nutrient Formation
- Water Sources: Sun (for energy & vitamin D), Soil (minerals), Air (N, C, O, H).
- Photosynthesis: 6 CO2 + H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → glucose + oxygen).
Energy Formation in Body Cells
(Opposite of Photosynthesis)
- Glucose + Oxygen + Enzymes → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy.
Sources of Water
- Drinking water (taps, streams)
- Food/feed (e.g., morning dew on grass).
- Metabolic water (5-10% of total). Released in metabolic reactions; varies based on species, diet, and environment.
Metabolic Water Production from Nutrients
- Tables present how much water is generated from different nutrients (Starch, Fat, Protein) per gram of food.
Water in Feed
- Tables contain water percentages for various feedstuffs (e.g., Corn Silage, Alfalfa Haylage, Coastal Hay, Corn, Cottonseed Meal).
Water in Drinks (and Water Content in Foods)
- Water percentages are specified in different food/drink categories.
Nutrient Composition of Adult Bovine
- Water (54%), Fat (26%), Protein (15%), Ash (4.6%), Carbohydrates (<1%)
Classification of Different Waters
- Water Content in different Plants (example: green plant)
- Water percentage
- Carbohydrate percentage
- Protein percentage
- Ash percentage
- Fat percentage
Factors Affecting Water Intake
- Requirements vary but often depend on water availability and quality
- Digestive factors also differ between ruminants and non-ruminants.
- Factors within a species also factor water intake: Size, Age, Pregnancy, Lactation, growth
- Type of diet (e.g., green forage vs. silage vs hay)
Factors Affecting Water Intake cont.
- Environmental factors (temperature, humidity) influence intake.
- Physiological factors (work, lactation) influence consumption
- Disease conditions (fever, diarrhea) affect water intake.
- Water quality (palatability, toxins like nitrates, minerals, bacteria, pesticides) may decrease intake.
Water Requirements
- Specific water consumption is different for species like humans, and animals like cattle, horses, swine, poultry. These values vary greatly based on factors like the type of activity and gestation status.
Dietary Factors Affecting Water Intake
- Increased feed water, DM intake, protein, salt content, and indigestible fiber all upregulate water consumption rates.
Water Quality
- Palatability factors: Total dissolved solids (<1000 ppm desirable), Alkalinity (<500 ppm desirable, pH 7-8), and Sulfur (<500 ppm sulfates desirable).
- Toxic factors: Nitrates (<200 ppm desirable >1500 ppm toxic), Trace Minerals (saline water), Bacteria, Pesticides.
Water Content in Body
- Body water composition in adults and children is described in terms of body mass percentages.
- Also includes graphic showing Intracellular and Extracellular water percentages.
Intake and Excretion of Water
- Diagrams and explanations detailing how water is ingested and excreted (lungs, skin, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract).
Water Balance
- The GI tract absorbs water from food and drinks into the blood.
- Water intake and loss are factors affecting water balance.
Water Loss
- Water loss mechanisms in animal bodies (urine, feces, lungs, skin).
- Factors impacting water loss like activity, diet, and species.
Excretion from Body
- Amounts of food/liquids are ingested, secreted, absorbed, and excreted daily. A diagram illustrates this.
Water Deficiency
- Water deficiency causes decreased feed consumption, productivity, and dehydration.
- It also leads to electrolyte loss.
- Chronic dehydration (scours, lack of appetite, etc)
- Causes are listed and effects of dehydration in animals.
- Examples of acute dehydration conditions are listed
Water and Cell Configuration
- Water movement in and out of cells, affecting cellular swelling or shrinking.
Importance of Osmoregulation
- Osmoregulation maintains optimal water levels in the body.
- Imbalance disrupts biological functions, possibly leading to death of organisms.
The Kidney's Role in Osmoregulation
- Kidneys control water balance in the body and regulate water levels as needed.
Kidney Functions (Removal of Excess Salt)
- Kidneys respond to salt intake by adjusting urine output and water consumption.
- Diagram illustrating how renin, angiotensin, and ADH hormones are involved in this process.
Body Fluids
- Blood, plasma, interstitial fluid & intracellular fluid are identified as body fluids.
- Components (e.g., water, nutrients, ions, nitrogenous wastes) that make up each fluid are listed.
Terminologies (Definitions)
- Definitions of terms like Albumin, Hemoglobin, Anemia, and Electrolytes are listed.
Blood
- Blood is a fluid tissue, with liquid component (plasma), and formed elements (e.g., RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
- Detailed descriptions of plasma composition (water, solutes).
- Descriptions of formed elements (e.g., RBCs, WBCs, platelets.) Descriptions of haemoglobin
Functions of Blood
- Blood delivers oxygen to cells, removes wastes, regulates body temperature and pH, and protects from infection.
Blood Clotting
- Mechanisms of blood clot formation through interactions between different molecules and cells (e.g., platelets, clotting factors) are described.
Blood Disorders
- Effects of liver impairment on blood coagulation factors, and descriptions of diseases like anemia (different types/causes).
Anemia
- Anemia is a condition caused by low hemoglobin content, often associated with blood loss or defective blood cell production.
- Different types and causes of anemia are listed, along with their impact.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Results from a lack of iron and inadequate intake or absorption.
Iron Deficiency
- Causes of iron deficiency(e.g., increased needs, inadequate intake, decreased bioavailability) are highlighted.
Anemia vs Iron Deficiency: Cut Values of Hgb, Hct & sFerritin
- Key tables showing various organizations’ standards for anaemia and iron deficiency.
Ferritin
- Properties and roles of ferritin including the role in iron storage, along with limitations in measuring ferritin.
Electrolytes
- Electrolytes – the ionic constituents of blood that are important in maintaining physiological homeostasis.
- Dietary electrolyte balance and its role in fluid balance, nerve impulses, and muscle function.
- Composition of electrolytes in different body fluids (e.g., blood, interstitial fluid) is detailed
Dietary Electrolyte Balance
- Individual electrolytes in the body are generally relatively constant and balanced.
- Water movement between body compartments is also explained in relation to electrolytes.
Electrolyte Composition of Body Fluid
- Electrolytes (e.g., Na+, K+, Cl-) are found in different body fluids in specific concentrations. Relevant tables are provided.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential roles of water in the body, including its functions, requirements, and quality. It explores how water contributes to nutrient transport, metabolic reactions, and maintaining homeostasis. Additionally, it addresses the importance of body fluids and electrolyte balance in nutrition and health.
