Water Loss and Dehydration Quiz

Water Loss from the Body

• Water is lost through urine, sweat, feces, insensible perspiration, and other bodily fluids like tears, vomit, blood, and drainage from burns and ulcers.

Functions of Water

• Water is a solvent that dissolves and transports nutrients and waste.
• It lubricates joints and organs.
• It helps regulate body temperature.
• Water provides structure and rigidity to cells.
• It participates in metabolic reactions.

Dehydration Types and Causes

• Isotonic dehydration: Loss of equal amounts of water and electrolytes, caused by insufficient fluid intake and fluid shifts.
• Hypertonic dehydration: Water loss exceeds electrolyte loss.
• Hypotonic dehydration: Electrolyte loss exceeds water loss.

Dehydration Symptoms

• Increased pulse rate
• Decreased urinary output
• Poor skin turgor
• Decreased blood pressure
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Dry mouth and skin
• Fever
• Unusual drowsiness
• Lightheadedness or disorientation
• Extreme thirst
• Nausea
• Slow or rapid breathing
• Sudden weight loss

Major Electrolytes and Functions

• Sodium: Primary extracellular cation, maintains fluid balance, supports nerve and muscle function, and regulates blood pressure.
• Potassium: Primary intracellular cation, maintains fluid balance, supports nerve and muscle function, and regulates heart function.
• Chloride: Key extracellular anion, assists in fluid balance, and is a component of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Causes of Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) and Fluid Volume Excess

• FVD: Caused by diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, excessive sweating, diuretics, and polyuria.
• Fluid Volume Excess: Caused by compromised regulatory mechanisms, excess fluid intake, and excess sodium intake.

Five Dimensions of Health

• Physical
• Intellectual
• Emotional
• Social
• Spiritual

Mineral Functions

• Provide rigidity and strength to bones and teeth.
• Regulate nerve and muscle function.
• Act as cofactors for enzymes.
• Maintain proper acid-base balance of body fluids.
• Support blood clotting.
• Facilitate tissue repair and growth.

Major Minerals and Recommended Daily Intake

• Calcium: 1000 mg for men and women ages 19-50, 1200 mg for those over 50.
• Phosphorus: 700 mg for men and women ages 19 and older.
• Magnesium: 420 mg for men, 320 mg for women.
• Sulfur: No specific RDA, adequate protein intake provides sufficient sulfur.
• Sodium: No RDA, Estimated Minimum Requirement (EMR) is 500 mg for adults.
• Potassium: EMR is 2000 mg for adults.
• Chloride: EMR is 750 mg for adults.

Calcium Sources

• Dairy products: Milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream.
• Non-dairy sources: Green leafy vegetables, small fish with bones, legumes, and tofu processed with calcium.

Factors that Enhance or Decrease Calcium Absorption

• Enhancers: Lactose, vitamin D, acidic digestive mass
• Decreasers: Binders like phytic and oxalic acids, dietary fat, high-fiber intake and laxatives, excessive phosphorus or magnesium intake, sedentary lifestyle, certain drugs

Calcium Deficiency and Toxicity

• Deficiency: Osteoporosis, muscle spasms (tetany)
• Toxicity: Constipation, urinary stone formation, reduced absorption of iron, zinc, and other minerals

Trace Minerals and Functions

• Iron: Oxygen transport, assists enzymes in oxygen use.
• Zinc: Over 200 enzymes, growth, taste and smell, healing, immune system, carbohydrate metabolism.
• Iodine: Thyroxine hormone production, growth, development, metabolism, body temperature.
• Fluoride: Tooth formation, resistance to decay, bone mineralization.
• Selenium: Antioxidant, thyroid function.
• Copper: Coenzyme, antioxidant reactions, energy metabolism, wound healing, nerve fiber protection, iron use.
• Chromium: Carbohydrate metabolism, glucose tolerance factor.
• Manganese: Component of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions.
• Molybdenum: Functions as a cofactor.