Warning Signs of Stroke

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Questions and Answers

What is the indication of dehydration, starvation, and illness in the facial features?

Sunken eyes, cheeks and temples (correct)

Swollen eyes

Thin eyebrows

Protruding eyeballs

What is an abnormality in the head size of a young child?

Bell Palsy

Acromegaly

Microcephaly (correct)

Hydrocephalus

What is the term for swelling around the eyes?

Moon face

Periorbital edema (correct)

Exophthalmos

Hirsutism

What does a 'mask-like' face indicate?

Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by growth of excessive hair in women after puberty?

Hirsutism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for bulging or protruding eyeballs?

Exophthalmos Signup and view all the answers

What is indicative of crooked facial features?

Asymmetric facial features Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by a squared-off head shape?

Myxedema Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal increase in head size in a young child?

Hydrocephalus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for abnormal facial hair growth in women?

Hirsutism Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal position of the cartilages during neck movement?

Symmetrically Signup and view all the answers

What is torticollis?

A twisting of the neck that causes the head to rotate and tilt at an odd angle Signup and view all the answers

What is lymphoma?

A type of cancer that forms in the germ-fighting lymphatic system Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal position of the trachea during palpation?

Midline Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inspection of the cervical vertebrae?

To inspect the range of motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal finding during palpation of the neck?

Supple, nontender, and no masses Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inspection of the thyroid gland?

To check for goiter or malignant mass Signup and view all the answers

What is a goiter?

An overall enlargement of the thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of palpation of the thyroid gland?

To palpate the thyroid gland as the patient swallows Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal finding during palpation of the thyroid gland?

Nonpalpable and generally nontender Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the salivary glands?

To secrete saliva that contains amylase to convert starch to maltose Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a fleshy cone-like structure in the center of the soft palate?

Uvula Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a painless ulcer that occurs in primary syphilis?

Chancre Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal color of the oral mucosa?

Pink Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a white, adherent mucosal thickening?

Leukoplakia Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal condition of the gums?

Pink, moist, and intact Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an acute sinusitis with postnasal drainage?

Exudative pharyngitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a benign and non-contagious condition characterized by a map-like appearance on the tongue?

Geographic tongue Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inspection of the tongue's color, texture, moisture, and mobility?

Inspection of the tongue Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal condition of the tonsils?

Symmetrical, pink, and clean Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal angle of attachment of the ear?

Between 0–15 degrees posteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What is the only normal drainage of the ear?

Cerumen Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Weber test?

To evaluate the conduction of sound waves through bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for ears that are less than 4 cm in vertical height in adults?

Microtia Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the otoscope?

To visualize the eardrum and external ear canal Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal result of the whisper test?

The patient can hear the whisper in both ears Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the protrusion on the upper part of the helix?

Darwinian tubercle Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation or infection of the external ear?

Otitis externa Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of palpation of the tragus, helix, and mastoid process?

To assess for tenderness prior to otoscopic exam Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the chronic, progressive disease of the inner ear that leads to permanent hearing loss?

Meniere's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal rate of breathing pattern in a normal individual?

16-20 cpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a compensatory mechanism used by people with COPD?

Pursed-lip breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a heart rate that is less than 60 beats per minute?

Bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the apical pulsation in a normal individual?

5th ICS, MCL Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure of the heart to pump sufficiently to meet the demands of the body?

Congestive Heart Failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia?

Angina Pectoris Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the palpation of the heart located at the 5th ICS, MCL?

Apical pulsation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the palpation of the heart located at the 2nd ICS, right sternal border?

Aortic pulsation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal heart rhythm?

Arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a heart rate that is greater than 100 beats per minute?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Warning Signs of Facial Abnormalities

Frontal, parietal, and occipital prominences indicate normal facial features
Face drooping, arm weakness, and speech difficulty are signs of emergencies
Deviations from normal include disproportionate or asymmetric parietal and temporal prominences, increased head circumference, square or bulging bones, and hydrocephalus
Bell palsy is characterized by drooping, weakness, or paralysis on one side of the face
Parkinson's disease is marked by a "mask-like" face
Cachexia is characterized by a "sunken" face with depressed eyes and hollow cheeks
Acromegaly is marked by an inconsistently large head size in adolescents or adults
Myxedema is characterized by a dull, puffy face with edema around the eyes

Inspection of Facial Features

Normal facial features include symmetric features, evenly distributed eyebrow hair, and equal palpebral fissures
Deviations from normal include asymmetric features, increased facial hair, thinning of eyebrows, and exophthalmos (bulging or protruding eyeballs)

Symmetry of Facial Movements

Normal facial movements include symmetric raising and lowering of eyebrows, blinking, and closing eyes tightly
Deviations from normal include asymmetric facial movements

Inspection of Eyes

Normal eyes have no edema and are not sunken
Deviations from normal include periorbital edema (swelling around the eyes) and sunken eyes, cheeks, and temples

Palpation of the Head

Normal head consistency is smooth and uniform, with no nodules or masses
Deviations from normal include sebaceous cysts, local deformities from trauma, and masses or nodules

Inspection of Neck Movements

Normal neck movements include smooth, controlled movements
Deviations from normal include torticollis (twisting of the neck), asymmetric cartilage movement, and goiter or malignant masses

Anatomy of Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Normal anatomy includes a non-visible thyroid gland with no masses, swelling, or hypertrophy in the mid to lower half of the anterior neck
Deviations from normal include enlargements, lymphadenopathy, and lymphoma

Inspection of Neck

Normal neck anatomy includes a midline neck with no lumps, bulges, or masses
Deviations from normal include lymphadenopathy, lymphoma, and goiter or malignant masses

Palpation of the Neck

Normal palpation reveals a supple, moving, and non-tender neck with no masses
Deviations from normal include masses, tenderness, and lymphadenopathy

Inspection of the Ears

Normal ear anatomy includes a helix of ear level with the imaginary line drawn through the inner and outer canthus to the occiput
Deviations from normal include microtia (small ears), macrotia (large ears), and missing or malformed landmarks
Ear pits or sinuses are usually located anterior to the tragus and are associated with internal ear anomalies

Hearing Process

Air conduction is the primary mechanism of hearing
Sound waves reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum), causing vibrations that move the malleus, incus, and stapes bones
Vibrations are transmitted to inner ear structures, leading to hearing

Otoscopic Examination

A flashlight-type viewer is used to visualize the eardrum and external ear canal
Normal otoscopic examination reveals a normal eardrum and external ear canal
Deviations from normal include lesions, skin cancer, and impacted cerumen

Palpation of the Ears

Normal palpation reveals soft and palpable, non-tender ears with no nodules or swelling
Deviations from normal include tenderness of the mastoid, helix, tragus, or pinna, indicating ear infections

Hearing Tests

Whisper test is used to assess low-pitch deficits
Watch tick test is used to assess high-pitch deficits
Weber test is used to evaluate conduction of sound waves through bone to help distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss### Maceration and Related Concepts
Maceration relates to the soft palate and its structures
UVula is a fleshy cone-like structure in the center of the soft palate
Overclosure of the soft palate can lead to halitosis and other issues
Salivary glands secrete saliva containing amylase to convert starch to maltose
There are three major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
Herpes simplex is a viral infection that can affect the oral cavity

Dental Anatomy and Inspection

Normal adult dental anatomy consists of 28 teeth, or 32 if including wisdom teeth
Deviations from normal can include loose, poorly anchored, or malaligned teeth
Dental caries are caused by acid on enamel surfaces
Discoloration of teeth can be a sign of deviation from normal
Mottled enamel is a normal variation

Oral Mucosa and Gums

Normal oral mucosa is pink, moist, and intact
Gums should be consistent in color with other mucosa and be intact
Deviations from normal can include gum hyperplasia, recession, or bleeding
Allergic stomatitis can cause reddened, inflamed oral mucosa
Aphthous ulcers are acute, painful ulcers in the oral cavity

Pharynx and Oropharynx

Normal pharyngeal examination reveals a pink, moist, intact mucosa
Deviations from normal can include postnasal drainage, erythema, swelling, or exudate
Pharyngeal diphtheria is an exudative pharyngitis caused by bacterial infection
Herpangina is a viral infection causing scattered vesicles and ulcerations in the pharynx

Tongue Inspection and Palpation

Normal tongue examination reveals a pink, moist, and freely mobile tongue
Deviations from normal can include loss of papillae, discolorations, or lesions
Geographic tongue is a normal variation with a map-like appearance
Hypertrophy and discoloration of papillae can be a deviation from normal

Tonsils and Glands

Normal tonsillar examination reveals symmetrical, pink, clean crypts
Deviations from normal can include peritonsillar abscess, reddened or hypertrophic tonsils
Parotid glands should be non-palpable and non-tender
Submandibular and sublingual glands may be palpable but should be non-tender and soft

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Description

Identify the warning signs of stroke, including facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty, and more. Know when to call 911 for emergency assistance.