Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a unique symptom of a stroke in women?
Which of the following is a unique symptom of a stroke in women?
- Slow cognitive functions
- Sudden hiccups (correct)
- Persistent fatigue
- Chronic headache
What is the purpose of blood tests in the diagnostic evaluation for stroke?
What is the purpose of blood tests in the diagnostic evaluation for stroke?
- To assess neurological reflexes
- To check for infections
- To determine hypercholesterolemia (correct)
- To measure brain activity
Which part of the brain, when affected by a stroke, is most likely to result in memory problems such as forgetting recent events?
Which part of the brain, when affected by a stroke, is most likely to result in memory problems such as forgetting recent events?
- Right half of the brain
- Brain stem
- Left half of the brain (correct)
- Cerebellum
Which of the following is NOT considered an effect of stroke when it occurs in the right half of the brain?
Which of the following is NOT considered an effect of stroke when it occurs in the right half of the brain?
What type of stroke may lead to paralysis or inability to move on one or both sides of the body?
What type of stroke may lead to paralysis or inability to move on one or both sides of the body?
What is a common behavior characteristic of a stroke survivor who has experienced a left hemisphere stroke?
What is a common behavior characteristic of a stroke survivor who has experienced a left hemisphere stroke?
Which diagnostic tool is typically not used for detecting carotid stenosis?
Which diagnostic tool is typically not used for detecting carotid stenosis?
What is the primary aim of the medical management for a stroke?
What is the primary aim of the medical management for a stroke?
What is a potential systemic response to burn injuries that can lead to hypothermia?
What is a potential systemic response to burn injuries that can lead to hypothermia?
Which classification describes burns greater than 25% TBSA in adults?
Which classification describes burns greater than 25% TBSA in adults?
Which type of burn injury excludes patients with electrical or inhalation injuries?
Which type of burn injury excludes patients with electrical or inhalation injuries?
Why are burns to the face considered more severe?
Why are burns to the face considered more severe?
What percentage of TBSA defines a second degree burn as moderate in adults?
What percentage of TBSA defines a second degree burn as moderate in adults?
Electrical burn injuries are classified as which category?
Electrical burn injuries are classified as which category?
What is the main mechanism behind a hemorrhagic stroke?
What is the main mechanism behind a hemorrhagic stroke?
Which complication is specifically associated with burns on the ears?
Which complication is specifically associated with burns on the ears?
Which of the following is a controllable risk factor for cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)?
Which of the following is a controllable risk factor for cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)?
Chronic complications of electrical burns may include which conditions?
Chronic complications of electrical burns may include which conditions?
What is the most common clinical manifestation of a stroke?
What is the most common clinical manifestation of a stroke?
What are the main components of the cerebrum?
What are the main components of the cerebrum?
Which structure is responsible for transmitting impulses away from the neuron's cell body?
Which structure is responsible for transmitting impulses away from the neuron's cell body?
Which statement correctly describes hypertension as a risk factor for CVA?
Which statement correctly describes hypertension as a risk factor for CVA?
What is the role of myelin in the nervous system?
What is the role of myelin in the nervous system?
Which group has a higher incidence of CVA?
Which group has a higher incidence of CVA?
Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with an increased risk of stroke?
Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with an increased risk of stroke?
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
What does sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes indicate?
What does sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes indicate?
Which part of the nervous system controls vegetative functions?
Which part of the nervous system controls vegetative functions?
Which factor is a significant contributor to atherosclerosis that increases CVA risk?
Which factor is a significant contributor to atherosclerosis that increases CVA risk?
How are neurons classified based on their function?
How are neurons classified based on their function?
What occurs during saltatory conduction?
What occurs during saltatory conduction?
Which part of the peripheral nervous system includes both cranial and spinal nerves?
Which part of the peripheral nervous system includes both cranial and spinal nerves?
What is one of the primary goals when caring for a burn injury patient?
What is one of the primary goals when caring for a burn injury patient?
Which nursing diagnosis is most closely associated with the risk of respiratory complications in burn patients?
Which nursing diagnosis is most closely associated with the risk of respiratory complications in burn patients?
What is a key consideration in the nutritional support of burn patients?
What is a key consideration in the nutritional support of burn patients?
Which of the following is NOT a priority nursing intervention for burn injury patients?
Which of the following is NOT a priority nursing intervention for burn injury patients?
What is the first step in providing effective care for a burn injury patient?
What is the first step in providing effective care for a burn injury patient?
What happens to fluid during the emergent phase of a burn injury?
What happens to fluid during the emergent phase of a burn injury?
What primarily causes decreased urinary output in the emergent phase?
What primarily causes decreased urinary output in the emergent phase?
What is the effect of massive cellular trauma in the emergent phase?
What is the effect of massive cellular trauma in the emergent phase?
Which of the following best describes hemoconcentration in the emergent phase?
Which of the following best describes hemoconcentration in the emergent phase?
What is a priority in the acute phase after a burn injury?
What is a priority in the acute phase after a burn injury?
How does sodium concentration change during the emergent phase?
How does sodium concentration change during the emergent phase?
What is the impact of bicarbonate loss during the emergent phase?
What is the impact of bicarbonate loss during the emergent phase?
What should be frequently measured during the acute phase following a burn injury?
What should be frequently measured during the acute phase following a burn injury?
Flashcards
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
The brain's outer layer, responsible for higher-level functions like thinking, language, and memory.
Lobes of the cerebrum
Lobes of the cerebrum
The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes are all parts of the cerebrum.
Diencephalon
Diencephalon
The thalamus and hypothalamus are the two main structures of the diencephalon, responsible for relaying sensory information and maintaining homeostasis.
Brain Stem
Brain Stem
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Neuron
Neuron
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Hemorrhagic Stroke
Hemorrhagic Stroke
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Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Fibrillation
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Hypertension
Hypertension
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Hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipidemia
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Diabetes
Diabetes
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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
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Stroke (CVA)
Stroke (CVA)
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Stroke Symptoms in Women
Stroke Symptoms in Women
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Neurological Examination
Neurological Examination
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CT/MRI Scans and Angiogram
CT/MRI Scans and Angiogram
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Blood Tests for Hypercholesterolemia
Blood Tests for Hypercholesterolemia
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Doppler Ultrasound and Arteriography
Doppler Ultrasound and Arteriography
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Effects of Stroke
Effects of Stroke
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Medical Management for Stroke
Medical Management for Stroke
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Gastric Ischemia
Gastric Ischemia
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Major Burn Injury
Major Burn Injury
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Minor Burn Injury
Minor Burn Injury
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Special Care Area Burn
Special Care Area Burn
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Superficial Burn (First Degree)
Superficial Burn (First Degree)
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Partial Thickness Burn (Second Degree)
Partial Thickness Burn (Second Degree)
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Full Thickness Burn (Third Degree)
Full Thickness Burn (Third Degree)
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Auricular Chondritis
Auricular Chondritis
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Universal Precautions for Burn Patients
Universal Precautions for Burn Patients
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Nutritional Support for Burn Patients
Nutritional Support for Burn Patients
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Maintaining a Patent Airway in Burn Patients
Maintaining a Patent Airway in Burn Patients
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Hemodynamic Stability in Burn Patients
Hemodynamic Stability in Burn Patients
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Pain Management for Burn Patients
Pain Management for Burn Patients
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Emergent Phase of Burn Injury
Emergent Phase of Burn Injury
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Second Spacing
Second Spacing
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Third Spacing
Third Spacing
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Acute Phase of Burn Injury
Acute Phase of Burn Injury
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Reduced Blood Volume in Burns
Reduced Blood Volume in Burns
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Sodium and Water Retention in Burns
Sodium and Water Retention in Burns
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Decreased Urinary Output in Burns
Decreased Urinary Output in Burns
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Potassium Excess in Burns
Potassium Excess in Burns
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Study Notes
Adult Nursing (2) Course Contents
-
Unit I: Nursing management for patients with neurological alterations (6hrs)
- Increased intracranial pressure management
- Intracranial surgery (craniotomy) management
- Stroke management
- Seizure disorders management
-
Unit II: Nursing management for patients with orthopedic alterations (9hrs)
- Orthopedic trauma patient management
- Fracture management
- Methods of restriction movement
- Traction
- Cast
- Methods of internal fixation
- Orthopedic infection and acute osteomyelitis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
-
Unit III: Nursing management of patients with urological alterations (9hr)
- Caring for patients with urinary disorders
- Urinary tract infection management
- Cystitis
- Obstructive disordered and urolithiasis
- Renal failure
- Acute renal failure
- Chronic renal failure
- Dialysis
- Peritoneal dialysis
- Hemodialysis
-
Unit IV: Nursing management of patients with alterations in skin integrity (burns) (9hr)
- Anatomy and physiology of the skin
- Pathology of burns
- First aid of burn
- Emergent phase of burn
- Acute phase of burn
- Wound dressing
- Hydrotherapy
- Wound debridement
- Infection control in burned patient
- Nutritional support for burn patient
- Skin graft
- Rehabilitation phase of burn
The Nervous System (Learning Objectives)
- At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to discuss the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, the position and function of cranial nerves, and identify lumbar puncture procedures.
The Nervous System (Anatomy & Physiology)
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- CNS is divided into the brain and spinal cord.
- The brain is further divided into cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem.
- Peripheral nervous system is divided into cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs).
- The autonomic nervous system controls the body's many vegetative functions.
- Basic unit is the neuron. Neurons are sensory or motor, separated but work together. Signals travel from one neuron to another.
Increased Intracranial Pressure Management (Learning Objectives)
- Define intracranial pressure (ICP) and increased ICP.
- List causes of increased ICP.
- Identify signs and symptoms of increased ICP.
- Differentiate between the five grades of intracranial pressure.
- Identify diagnostic findings for increased ICP.
- List complications of increased ICP.
- Discuss nursing management and education for patients with increased ICP.
Increased Intracranial Pressure Management (Introduction & Definitions)
- Inside the cranium are brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the measure of cerebrospinal fluid pressure within the cranium.
- Normal ICP ranges from 15-20 mmHg.
- Increased ICP is an increase in normal brain pressure due to increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
Stroke (Learning Objectives)
- Define stroke.
- List incidence of stroke.
- Identify types of stroke.
- Describe risk factors for stroke.
- Explain clinical manifestation of stroke.
- Identify diagnostic evaluation findings for stroke.
- Identify effects of stroke.
- Discuss medical and nursing management for patients with stroke.
Stroke (Definition & Incidence)
- A stroke is called a brain attack, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
- It occurs when prolonged interruption in blood flow to part of the brain occurs.
- Nerve cells die irreversibly if brain is deprived of oxygen for 3-7 minutes.
- In the US, stroke is the third leading cause of death. Approximately 780,000 Americans experience new or recurring strokes annually.
Stroke (Pathophysiology & Etiology)
- Ischemic strokes: Occur when an artery carrying blood to the brain is obstructed by a thrombus or embolus.
- Hemorrhagic strokes: Occur when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood is released into brain tissue. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) results from the accumulated blood.
Stroke (Risk Factors)
- Hypertension, Atrial fibrillation, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes, Smoking, Obesity, Thrombogenic substances (e.g., some herbal products), Valvular disease or replacement (e.g., causing thrombi and emboli). Genetics and age are also factors.
Stroke (Clinical Manifestations)
General symptoms:
- Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg
- Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
- Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance
- Sudden confusion or trouble understanding speech
- Sudden severe headache with no known cause.
Symptoms unique to women:
- Sudden face and arm or leg pain (in women).
Symptoms specific to a stroke in the cerebellum:
- Abnormal reflexes of the head and upper body
- Balance problems.
- Dizziness, nausea and vomiting.
Symptoms specific to a brain stem stroke:
- Paralysis or loss of sensation in one or both sides of the body
- Difficulty in moving or feeling one or both sides of the body.
Seizure and Epilepsy (Learning Objectives)
- Define seizures and epilepsy.
- Differentiate between the three phases of grand mal seizure.
- Describe diagnosis, investigation for seizures and epilepsy.
- Illustrate a teaching plan for patient and the family.
- Develop nursing care during and after seizure.
- List complications during and after seizure.
- Discuss action patient before, during and after anticonvulsant therapy.
Craniotomy (Learning Objectives)
- Define craniotomy
- Mention indications for craniotomy
- Identify types of craniotomy
- Describe pre-operative and post-operative care
- List post-craniotomy complications
Craniotomy (Definition & Indications)
- A craniotomy is a temporary surgical opening of part of the cranium (skull) to access structures beneath the cranial bones.
- Possible Indications: Brain tumor removal, clot evacuation, biopsy, relieving pressure, repairing damaged tissue, etc.
Unconscious Patient Management (Learning Objectives)
- Define level of consciousness, altered level of consciousness, and unconscious patient.
- Identify causes of unconscious patient.
- List clinical manifestations of altered level of consciousness.
- Identify diagnostic evaluation for unconscious patient.
- Discuss appropriate nursing assessment of the unconscious patinet.
- Describe the multiple needs of the unconscious patient.
- Discuss nursing management for unconscious patient.
Urinary Tract Infection (Learning Objectives)
- Define urinary tract infection (UTI)
- List causes, classification, predisposing factors and risk factors for UTI.
- Describe routes of infection.
- Discuss pathophysiology.
- List clinical manifestations and complications for UTI.
- Discuss diagnostic tests and medical management for UTI.
- Discuss nursing process for the patient with UTI.
- Know examples of upper and lower urinary tract infections.
Kidney Stones (Learning Objectives)
- Define kidney stones.
- Discuss the pathophysiology of kidney stones.
- List types, causes, signs and symptoms, and risk factors of kidney stones.
- Discuss diagnostic evaluation of kidney stones.
- List complications and prevention of kidney stones.
- Discuss medical management and nursing management of kidney stones.
Renal Failure (Definition & Type)
- Renal failure is the inability of the kidneys to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances.
- Renal failure can be acute or chronic. Acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by sudden and rapid decrease in renal function. CRF is characterized by progressive, irreversible damage to the nephrons.
Renal Failure (Causes)
- Pre-renal*
- hypovolemia, hemorrhage, burns
- decreased cardiac output (e.g., myocardial infarction or arrhythmia)
- vascular disorders (e.g., sepsis, anaphylaxis, severe acidosis)
- obstruction of renal blood vessels (e.g., renal artery stenosis, thrombosis)
- Intra-renal*
- acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
- glomerulonephritis
- polycystic kidney disease
- Post-renal*
- bilateral renal vein thrombosis
- ureteral calculi
- prostatic hypertrophy
- ureteral structure
- ureteral or bladder tumor
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