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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT classified as a nonrenewable energy source?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a nonrenewable energy source?
What is the primary component of natural gas?
What is the primary component of natural gas?
Which energy source is related to the kinetic energy of wind?
Which energy source is related to the kinetic energy of wind?
Which type of waste is generated from household activities?
Which type of waste is generated from household activities?
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What is the main characteristic of renewable resources?
What is the main characteristic of renewable resources?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of solid waste?
Which of the following is NOT an example of solid waste?
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Which process is associated with geothermal energy?
Which process is associated with geothermal energy?
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What is the main purpose of the RA 9003?
What is the main purpose of the RA 9003?
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Which type of waste cannot be decomposed by bacteria or other organisms?
Which type of waste cannot be decomposed by bacteria or other organisms?
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What is the process of finding out the amount of garbage disposed from the source called?
What is the process of finding out the amount of garbage disposed from the source called?
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Which of the following statements is true about hazardous waste?
Which of the following statements is true about hazardous waste?
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What feature is characterized by submerged volcanoes?
What feature is characterized by submerged volcanoes?
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What evidence supports the proposal of seafloor spreading regarding sediment thickness?
What evidence supports the proposal of seafloor spreading regarding sediment thickness?
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Which of the following describes the mid-ocean ridge?
Which of the following describes the mid-ocean ridge?
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Which device is used to measure the magnetic field of rocks?
Which device is used to measure the magnetic field of rocks?
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What defines the distribution of submarine earthquakes?
What defines the distribution of submarine earthquakes?
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What does the theory of plate tectonics describe?
What does the theory of plate tectonics describe?
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Which phase of the Wilson Cycle involves the formation of oceanic crust?
Which phase of the Wilson Cycle involves the formation of oceanic crust?
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Which principle states that in an undisturbed sequence of strata, each layer is younger than the one below it?
Which principle states that in an undisturbed sequence of strata, each layer is younger than the one below it?
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What is stratification?
What is stratification?
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Which principle states that sediments are deposited in flat layers?
Which principle states that sediments are deposited in flat layers?
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What does the Principle of Fossil Successions indicate?
What does the Principle of Fossil Successions indicate?
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When is a rock mass containing inclusions considered younger?
When is a rock mass containing inclusions considered younger?
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Which of the following describes Absolute Dating?
Which of the following describes Absolute Dating?
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Study Notes
Earth Science Pointers
- Fossil Fuels: Formed from living plants and animals 500 million years ago; examples include coal, petroleum (crude oil), and natural gas.
- Hydrocarbons: Form the basis of fossil fuels; can be solid (coal), liquid (crude oil), or gas (natural gas).
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Nonrenewable Energy Sources: Take a long time to replenish.
- Coal: Stages of development include peat, lignite (brown coal), bituminous (dark brown/black), and anthracite (almost pure carbon).
- Petroleum (Crude Oil): A liquid fossil fuel.
- Natural Gas: Composed mainly of methane.
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Renewable Resources: Replenish naturally over a relatively short period of time.
- Solar Energy: Used to create electricity from the sun.
- Wind Energy: Windmills capture wind energy to create electricity.
- Geothermal Energy: Utilizes heat from the Earth's surface to create electricity and heat.
- Steam Power Plants: Use natural steam from underground for energy generation.
- Flash Steam Power Plants: Employ hot water/steam from underground.
- Binary Cycle Power Plants: Use hot water or steam, but not directly for steam generation
- Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Found in areas with hot, dry rocks.
- Hydrothermal Energy: Waterfalls and dams produce kinetic energy.
- Dendrothermal Energy: Biomass (total living matter) can be processed for biofuel.
- Nuclear Energy: Alternative energy source.
Earth Water Science
- Water Composition: H₂O (two hydrogen atoms, one oxygen atom)
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Water Distribution:
- Oceans: 97.5%
- Freshwater: 2.5%
- Groundwater: 30.1%
- Freshwater Lakes: 67.4%
- Soil Moisture: 12.2%
- Atmosphere: 9.5%
- Wetlands: 8.5%
- Rivers: 1.6%
- Plants and Animals: 0.5%
- Glaciers: 68.7%
Waste Generation and Waste Management
- Waste Stream: Total waste produced by a society
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Waste Sources:
- Agricultural: Leftovers from harvests
- Mining: Materials extracted from the earth
- Industrial: Output of manufacturing processes
- Commercial: From businesses like shops, schools, and offices
- Domestic: Household activities
- Biomedical: From hospitals and clinics
- Municipal: From households, offices, and public places.
- Waste Classification: Can be solid, liquid, or gaseous.
- RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Philippines).
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Waste Properties:
- Biodegradable: Decomposed by bacteria
- Non-Biodegradable: Not decomposed by bacteria
- Hazardous: Harmful to the environment or life
- Non-Hazardous: Not harmful
- E-waste: Electronic waste
- Waste Management: Collection, transport, and disposal of waste.
- Municipal Solid Waste: Garbage, commonly known as trash
- Waste Characterization: Determining the amount of waste produced
Seafloor Spreading
- Continental Margins: Where continental crust transitions to oceanic crust.
- Abyssal Plains & Abyssal Hills: Flat plains and hills on the ocean floor.
- Abyssal Hills: Hills on the plains.
- Mid-Ocean Ridges: Submarine mountain chains.
Plate Tectonics
- Plates: Large, rigid pieces of the Earth's outer layer.
- Asthenosphere: Top of the underlying rock layer on which plates move.
- Wilson Cycle: Cyclic process of continental rifting, formation of ocean basins, and subduction, leading to the destruction of older basins.
- Phases of the Wilson Cycle: Rifting, passive margins, convergence, subduction, and continent-continent collision.
- Ocean Basin: Area of the seafloor deeper than 2000 m.
- Relative Age Dating: Ordering geological events and rocks according to their relative ages. This method is called Stratigraphy.
Dating the Earth
- Stratigraphy: Layering structure of stratified rocks.
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Basic Principles of Stratigraphy:
- Superposition: In undisturbed layers, the bottom layer is older than the top layer.
- Original Horizontality: Sediments are deposited horizontally.
- Cross-Cutting Relationships: A feature that cuts across another is younger than the feature it cuts.
- Inclusion: A piece of an older rock within a younger rock is older than the younger rock.
- Fossil Succession: Organisms evolve in definite order.
- Unconformities: Gaps in the rock record.
Absolute Dating
- Absolute Dating: Determining the numerical age of rocks.
- Radiocarbon Dating: Using the decay of Carbon-14 to date events in the past.
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