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Questions and Answers
Which term refers to traits inherited from one's parents?
Which term refers to traits inherited from one's parents?
What does nurture refer to in the context of development?
What does nurture refer to in the context of development?
What do developmental psychologists reject?
What do developmental psychologists reject?
How is the nature-nurture issue described in the text?
How is the nature-nurture issue described in the text?
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What does maturation refer to in the context of nature?
What does maturation refer to in the context of nature?
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How do developmental psychologists view behavior in relation to nature and nurture?
How do developmental psychologists view behavior in relation to nature and nurture?
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During adolescence, according to Freud, which major characteristic is associated with the genital stage of psychosexual development?
During adolescence, according to Freud, which major characteristic is associated with the genital stage of psychosexual development?
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In Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation, a positive outcome is associated with:
In Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation, a positive outcome is associated with:
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What is the positive outcome associated with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?
What is the positive outcome associated with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?
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Which major characteristic is linked to Freud's stage of adolescence?
Which major characteristic is linked to Freud's stage of adolescence?
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At what approximate age does Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation occur?
At what approximate age does Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation occur?
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Which stage marks the reemergence of sexual interests according to Freud?
Which stage marks the reemergence of sexual interests according to Freud?
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According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, how is children's understanding of the world acquired?
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, how is children's understanding of the world acquired?
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What does sociocultural theory emphasize regarding development?
What does sociocultural theory emphasize regarding development?
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Some critics argue that Vygotsky's theory overlooks which factor?
Some critics argue that Vygotsky's theory overlooks which factor?
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How does the evolutionary perspective explain lifespan development?
How does the evolutionary perspective explain lifespan development?
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What aspect does the sociocultural theory seem to minimize, according to some critics?
What aspect does the sociocultural theory seem to minimize, according to some critics?
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What type of transactions does sociocultural theory suggest are crucial for development?
What type of transactions does sociocultural theory suggest are crucial for development?
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What is the purpose of correlational research?
What is the purpose of correlational research?
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Why is it important to note that correlations do not prove causality?
Why is it important to note that correlations do not prove causality?
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What does a correlational coefficient of -0.8 indicate?
What does a correlational coefficient of -0.8 indicate?
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In the context of the text, what does it mean for two factors to be correlated?
In the context of the text, what does it mean for two factors to be correlated?
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If a study finds a correlation between two variables, what should researchers be cautious about assuming?
If a study finds a correlation between two variables, what should researchers be cautious about assuming?
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What are some possible explanations for a correlation found between media aggression and children's aggression?
What are some possible explanations for a correlation found between media aggression and children's aggression?
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Which statement accurately reflects the nature of a positive correlation?
Which statement accurately reflects the nature of a positive correlation?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Development
- Traits inherited from one's parents are referred to as nature.
- Nurture pertains to the environmental influences affecting development, including upbringing, culture, and personal experiences.
Developmental Psychology Perspectives
- Developmental psychologists reject the notion that behavior is determined solely by either nature or nurture; they view it as a complex interplay between both.
- The nature-nurture issue encompasses the debate on the extent to which genetics and environment influence individual development.
Maturation and Psychosexual Stages
- Maturation refers to the biological growth processes that occur with aging, influenced by genetic factors.
- During the genital stage of psychosexual development, adolescents develop mature sexual interests and seek emotional relationships.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
- In Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation, a positive outcome relates to the ability to contribute to society and support future generations.
- The positive outcome of ego integrity versus despair involves achieving a sense of fulfillment and acceptance of one's life experiences.
- Generativity versus stagnation typically occurs during middle adulthood, around the ages of 40 to 65.
Freud's and Vygotsky's Theories
- Freud associates the reemergence of sexual interests during adolescence with the focus on relationships and intimacy.
- According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, children's understanding of the world is acquired through social interactions and cultural tools.
- Sociocultural theory emphasizes the significant impact of social context and culture on development.
Critiques of Theories
- Some critics argue that Vygotsky's theory overlooks the individual's cognitive processes in favor of social factors.
- The evolutionary perspective explains lifespan development by considering how evolutionary processes influence behaviors and traits over time.
Correlational Research Insights
- Sociocultural theory highlights the importance of transactions or interactions among individuals in promoting development.
- Correlational research is intended to identify relationships between variables, but it does not imply causation.
- It's crucial to note that correlations do not prove causality as they fail to establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship.
Understanding Correlational Coefficients
- A correlational coefficient of -0.8 signifies a strong negative relationship, indicating that as one variable increases, the other decreases.
- Correlation means that two factors are related in some way; however, correlation does not imply direct influence or causation.
- Researchers should be cautious about assuming causation when finding a correlation between two variables, considering other possible explanations.
Media Aggression and Behavior
- Possible explanations for the correlation between media aggression and children's aggression include: imitation of observed behaviors, desensitization to violence, and increased tolerance for aggressive behavior.
- A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other also tends to increase, suggesting a consistent relationship between the two.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory which emphasizes that development is influenced by social interactions and cultural context. Explore how children's understanding of the world is shaped through problem-solving interactions within their cultural environment.
