Volleyball: Game Play and Court

Game Characteristics

• Volleyball involves two teams on a court divided by a net
• Different volleyball versions are available for different circumstances
• The aim to ground the ball on the opponent's court while preventing them from doing the same
• Teams can hit the ball 3 times to return it, besides block contact
• Play starts with a serve, where the server hits the ball over the net to the opposing side
• A rally continues until the ball touches the ground, goes "out," or improper return
• The team that wins a rally gets a point under the Rally Point System
• When the receiving side wins a rally, they score a point, gain the right to serve, and their players rotate clockwise

Facilities and Equipment - Playing Area

• The playing area includes the playing court and free zone and is rectangular/symmetrical.
• The playing court's dimensions are 18 x 9 meters and is surrounded by a free zone of at least 3 meters on each side.
• The free playing space above the playing area must measure a minimum of 7 meters in height.
• In FIVB, World, and Official Competitions, the free zone is a minimum of 5 meters from sidelines and 6.5 meters from end lines.
• The free playing space is a minimum of 12.5 meters in height for high level competition.
• The playing surface must be flat, horizontal, uniform, and safe for players.
• Playing on rough or slippery surfaces is prohibited.
• Only wooden or synthetic playing surfaces are allowed for FIVB, World, and Official Competitions, requiring prior approval
• Indoor courts must have light-colored surfaces
• Official competitions require white lines and different colors for the playing court and free zone.
• Playing surface colors can differentiate the front and back zones.
• Outdoor courts can have a slope of 5 mm per meter and solid materials are forbidden for court lines.

Facilities and Equipment - Lines, Zones and Areas

• All lines are 5 cm wide and are a light color, different from the floor color
• Boundary lines are composed of two sidelines, and two end lines, the sidelines and end lines are part of the court dimensions
• The center line divides the court into two 9 x 9 meter halves and extends from side line to sideline
• Each court has an attack line located 3 meters behind the axis of the center line, marking the front zone
• Attack lines for high level are extended with broken lines consisting of five 15cm lines, with width 5cm, separated by gaps of 20cm on either side to a 1. 75m length
• The front zone is limited by the center line and the attack line and extends beyond the sidelines to the free zone
• The service zone is a 9-meter-wide area behind each end line, extending to the end of the free zone
• It is laterally limited by two 15cm short lines, drawn 20cm behind the end line as an extension of the side lines (part of service zone width)
• The substitution zone is confined by extensions of the two attack lines up to the scorer's table
• The Libero replacement zone is part of the free zone on the team bench side, up to the extension of the attack line/end line
• Warm-up areas are 3 x 3 meters located at the bench-side corner, outside the free zone, or behind the team bench above a height of 2.5 meter

Facilities and Equipment - Temperature, Lighting, Nets and Equipment

• The minimum temperature is 10°C (50°F) and maximum determined by FIVB Technical Delegate
• Lighting cannot be less than 300 lux, or 2000 lux in official FIVB competitions
• A net is placed vertically over the center line, with its top set at 2.43 meters for men and 2.24 meters for women
• Net height is measured at the center of the playing court and must be the same at both sidelines, not exceeding the official height by more than 2 cm
• The net measures 1 meter in width with length 9.50-10 meters, made using mesh of 10 cm2 black with bands of 25-50cm
• A horizontal band of 7 cm wide is sewn along the net's top edge and bottom edge, made of two-fold white canvas
• Flexible cables within the bands connects net to the posts
• Side bands consists of Two white bands that are fastened to the net directly above the sidelines, and are 5cm by 1m in measure
• Flexible antennae measures 1.8m long and 10mm in diameter, made of fiberglass, fastened at the outer edge of each side band
• Top of antennae is marked with 10cm stripes of red and white and is considered part of the net, delimiting space
• Net support posts placed 0.5-1 meter from sidelines, 2.55m and adjustable.
• Net support posts of official competitions are placed at a distance of 1 meter outside sidelines, and must be padded.
• The additional equipment is determined by FIVB regulations

Facilities and Equipment - Balls

• The ball is spherical, made of flexible leather/synthetic case with a bladder inside, made of rubber It can be uniform light color or a colors combination
• International official competitions use synthetic leather ball material, and colour combinations comply with FIVB standards.
• Between 65 and 67 cm is the ball's circumference and weight is 260-280 g.
• Inside pressure range for ball is 0.30 to 0.325 kg/cm²
• All balls used in a match must have the same standards regarding circumference, , color type, weight, pressure,
• Approved balls from FIVB, World, Official, National, League Championships are to be played unless FIVB agreement
• For FIVB, World, and Official Competitions, five balls shall be used with placed six ball retrievers stationed at each corner and each referee

Participants - Teams

• A team can consist of up to 12 players, in addition to one coach, and up to two assistant coaches in the coaching staff
• Teams can have medical staff consisting of a therapist and a medical doctor.
• Only those listed on the score sheet may enter the Competition/ Control Area and take part in the official warm up
• FIVB Seniors competitions allow up to 14 players on the score sheet
• The maximum five staff members including coach are chosen by coach and are listed on sheet
• The team Manager/Journalist may not sit on the bench or in the Control Area
• Competitions require any doctor/therapist in delegation and accredited beforehand by the FIVB
• If a doctor/therapist has no membership on the team bench, they sit behind the fence, inside the Control Area or sit in a special place and intervene by invitation
• The Official Regulations for each event will be found in the Specific Competition Handbook for the games in question
• The team needs to indicate the team members on the score sheet

Participants - Team Location and Equipment

• Team players not in play must sit on the bench or team's warm-up area
• Coach and other team members sit on the bench and are permitted to leave it temporarily
• The team benches location is beside the scorer’s table, outside the free zone
• Only authorized members of the team may sit in the bench during the match and have a team-warm up session
• During play only warm up, during timeouts stay in zone, during break warm using ball in a area
• A player's equipment includes a jersey, shorts, socks (uniform), sports shoes in the same color
• All uniform, clean and design must be color for the team aside from the Libero
• Players must be numbered 1 to 20 with numbers on the shirt, large and contrasting per seniors
• For Seniors numbers must be extended, front/back of jersey, color needs to contrast with color
• The number minimum in height on the chest is 15cm, with number in the back a minimum of 20 cm
• The team captain has a stripe of 8 x 2 cm underlining the number on the chest
• The team has forbidden is using various uniform color

Participants - Equipment Changes and Objects

• The 1st referee is able to approve multiple players to play barefoot to change wet or damaged uniforms between sets after approval by the referee
• New or swapped uniform must be design and number same as listed under rule
• The coach can approve changing into training clothes with the whole team needs to wear same design and use number with rule

Participants - Forbidden Objects

• Prohibited objects include dangerous items that may cause injury
• Players can wear lenses or glasses on their liability
• Players are allowed to wear supports on their body but in specific competitions the color needs to me same or black color

Participants - Team Leaders, Captains and Coach

• The coach/captain is responsible for each team to be conduct and discipline
• The Liberos has the right to be captain or game captain
• The team needs to show up to toss and sign team sheet before match The team makes the game captain from the people in game this has responsibilities while they in, but need to return for other player if the team
• Can only use game captain to meet referee

Participants - Captains Authority and Coach

• The game captain has certain rights while the ball is out of play which include explanation of rules. If the captain still doesn't agree that have the right for an official protest in the score sheet Other is the right to change the game and check all items
• On case of a coach they can get assistant coach to take their place and take over the timeout request Team has many members and is needed to sing all in all sheet
• The coach needs to take their play styles out to have more touch on players
• The coach or personnel is not the disturb the match 5.3 Assitant coach can only coach or help on match

Playing Format - Scoring and Winning

• A team has three goals. These are land the ball, score a fault or apply a penalty.
• It needs multiple action and rules to create foul and determine result
• There can result 2 time faults that are committed but has special ruling that the points win
• A set will win the first team to reach 25 points and a two point lead, in the end the points win to reach result
• The matches will need 2 set and if it happen the need to go 5 set, and one need to reach 15 in 2 set as minimal point
• It is a part if a team is too refused to play for default

Default, structure of the game, team start and warm

• The need of toss and team will need referee team, and win to choose first or receive team
• If a team has won, they needs to know about the team and be ready to wait on the team a warm team
• Warm up take about 6 m.
• Game starts with the number of 6 players on a team If no order position it is the time of change for a review

Positions, Positional Fault and Rotation

• By server of their teams, the team players need to be in the position
• The players have number to know with the players in them
• After the hit, they have the right to move around the spot
• A team has to commit for the right hit or their action are correct as ball
• A fault cause a change or the next position

Playing actions - Rotational Faults

• The teams rotation and service determines the starting line-up for each team
• This needs to be controlled by the game and needs to know order
• Change and clock wise needs to remember about the position

1. A fault is committed when the service action is not performed
2. After that The scorer stops the game and will indicate action about the hit
3. After that the team will then will go to receive team

States of Play, Playing the ball, and rules violations

• The start action is when hit for action or a mistake with rule
• The play states to be start or not and after it rules is
• All rules can be view if and when it floor contact to out Teams must player in the space and area as exception If all does not match it a force

Playing action

• A hit is contact by a player to play
• Is the contact a force team or not and can be 3 contact before is foul
• The two contact is a rule and with two person this is the ruling to fix for block but two contact that is a ruling And another time for contact to force over

Blocking an action that take and can be fault

Block to touch ball Team can't black service is ruling in rule For net player it very is the fault and what may take force from to the court After it is the service or hit action for hit

Service - The Act and Order

• Performing a hit starts the service and needs a ball to play
• The server on other set don't take the same action as the next
• The team line up sheet needs to be show before in force with order The play can determine is subbed or has a sub and action serve
• An approval is required for a referee to go on field and check the team in area, on which need the right with time check and ball possession

Execution of Serve and Screening Faults

• The action can take is after a hand, or arm or from toss hand
• A toss and release is need on action
• The touch and jump need to be before the server of floor and service
• The action cant step or land outside of area and can only do in side space
• Wait seconds till referee say
• The team cannot block view to server from other person The rule of block and action by team needs to hilde when can not see the ball And action with not view is a foul