Voice Measurement and Analysis Midterm Review
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Questions and Answers

What does a subglottal pressure that exceeds supraglottal pressure indicate?

  • Airflow obstruction
  • Increased lung volume
  • Vocal fold vibration (correct)
  • Laryngeal paralysis

What would be considered a typical Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) for a nonpathological adult speaker?

  • 26-30 seconds
  • 21-25 seconds (correct)
  • 10-15 seconds
  • 15-20 seconds

Which of the following statements about the s/z ratio is correct?

  • An s/z ratio less than 1 indicates respiratory support issues.
  • An s/z ratio greater than 2 suggests normal laryngeal function.
  • An s/z ratio of around 1 is considered normal. (correct)
  • The s/z ratio is used to measure lung volume.

What is indicated by an s/z ratio greater than 1?

<p>A potential vocal fold pathology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Maximum Phonational Frequency Range (MPFR) correlate with the amplitude/intensity measures?

<p>Both are essential for assessing vocal function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition would likely be demonstrated in a patient with normal laryngeal valving but reduced respiratory support regarding their s/z ratio?

<p>Both /s/ and /z/ would sustain equally long. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MPFR stand for?

<p>Maximum Phonational Frequency Range (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) and vocal fold dysfunction?

<p>Decreased MPT necessitates further testing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of speech sounds require a seal at the velopharyngeal port?

<p>All sounds except nasals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is MPFR typically measured?

<p>By calculating the difference between a client's lowest and highest pitch during a sustained vowel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What task would be most appropriate for measuring a client's Speaking Fundamental Frequency (SFF)?

<p>Sustained vowel phonation, such as /É‘/. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can contribute to a decreased Maximum Phonational Frequency Range (MPFR)?

<p>The presence of nodules or polyps on the vocal folds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scale is commonly used to relate amplitude/intensity to perception of loudness?

<p>Decibel Scale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following frequencies is typical for an adult male's fundamental frequency?

<p>100-140 Hz (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment can be made if Praat’s automatic pitch-tracking algorithm produces errors?

<p>Adjust the pitch floor and ceiling settings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it easier to perceive differences at lower frequencies compared to higher frequencies?

<p>Higher frequencies require a larger change for an equal change in perceived pitch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does CPP stand for in voice quality assessment?

<p>Cepstral Peak Prominence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) in voice assessment?

<p>It compares the loudness of harmonics to extraneous noise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is using CPP preferred over jitter and shimmer measurements?

<p>For analyzing continuous speech and varying speech conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected characteristic of a voice with disordered quality regarding jitter and shimmer?

<p>Increased jitter and shimmer values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is commonly used to elicit measures for jitter and shimmer?

<p>Sustained vowel /ah/ production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does decreased CPP correlate with voice quality?

<p>Signifies more extraneous noise in voice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological characteristics may cause cycle-to-cycle changes in vocal waveforms?

<p>Asymmetrical vocal folds and mucus variation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures is typically lower for individuals with disordered voice quality?

<p>Harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vocal Fold Vibration Rate

The speed at which vocal folds vibrate, impacting pitch.

Perceptual Pitch Sensitivity

Our ability to detect changes in pitch varies with the frequency.

Pitch Measurement Scales

Mel and Bark scales provide perceptually based pitch measurements.

Praat Spectrogram

A visual representation of sound frequency with pitch tracking.

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MPFR (Maximum Phonational Frequency Range)

The difference between a person's highest and lowest vocal pitch limits

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Eliciting MPFR

Assess maximum pitch range by having the client pronounce sustained vowels; calculate the difference between highest and lowest pitches in Hertz.

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SFF (Speaking Fundamental Frequency)

Average vocal frequency during spoken words

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Measuring SFF

Measure average speaking frequency by recording task such as reading, conversational speech

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Jitter

Cycle-to-cycle variations in frequency of vocal fold vibration.

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Shimmer

Cycle-to-cycle variations in amplitude of vocal fold vibration.

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CPP (Cepstral Peak Prominence)

A measure of voice quality that's useful for analyzing continuous speech and is better for moderate-severe dysphonia than jitter/shimmer.

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Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio (HNR)

A measure comparing the loudness of the harmonics (regular parts) of the voice to the noise (irregular parts).

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Sustained vowel /ah/

The vocal sound used to collect jitter and shimmer measures.

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Disordered voice quality

A voice quality showing abnormal patterns of vocal fold vibration, resulting in unusual characteristics such as hoarseness or breathiness.

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Vocal fold asymmetry

When the vocal folds are not perfectly symmetrical, leading to irregularities in vibration.

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Higher HNR

Indicates a voice with more harmonic (regular) sound compared to noise (irregular) in sound, suggesting better vocal quality; higher is better for HNR.

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Decibel Scale

A logarithmic scale used to measure sound intensity, comparing a sound's intensity to a reference level.

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Ratio-Referenced Scale

A scale where each value represents a ratio relative to a reference point. This means a 10 dB increase signifies a tenfold increase in sound intensity.

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0 dB

Represents the threshold of human hearing, the quietest sound a person can detect, not the complete absence of sound.

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Subglottal Pressure

The pressure below the vocal folds, generated by the lungs, that drives air out of the body during speech.

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Supraglottal Pressure

The pressure above the vocal folds, usually slightly lower than subglottal pressure, affecting vocal fold vibration.

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Intraoral Pressure

The pressure inside the mouth, often used for speech sounds requiring a seal at the velopharyngeal port.

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Relationship Between Subglottal and Supraglottal Pressure

For vocal folds to vibrate, subglottal pressure must exceed supraglottal pressure, creating a pressure difference that drives vocal fold oscillation.

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Velopharyngeal Port

The opening between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity, which can be closed for certain speech sounds like stops and fricatives, preventing air from escaping through the nose.

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Study Notes

General

  • Be aware of the difference between task (how to get a sample) and measurement (what property of the sample you are measuring). -Example: (/ah/, how long they say it)
  • Instrumental measurements may not have established norms. You can create your own norms with enough measurements.
  • Combining instrumental and perceptual data collection offers advantages in voice therapy: precise problem evaluation, outcome documentation, and collection of data unavailable through perception alone.
  • Perceptual data lets you assess voice based on what's actually heard.

Midterm Review

  • Sound travels as a wave through molecules, not by themselves.
  • Sound waves show changes in amplitude and pressure over time (x-axis) and the pressure/amplitude changes over time (y-axis.)
  • Fundamental frequency is the greatest common denominator of the frequencies in a complex wave.
  • Harmonics are the frequencies of the voice's vibrations, while formant frequencies are frequencies that resonate with the shape of the vocal tract.

Basic Acoustics

  • Sound is a pressure wave with areas of compression (peaks) and rarefaction (troughs)
  • Sound travels through the medium (air) by alternate compressions and rarefactions.
  • Air molecules don't travel the whole distance, passing energy to successive molecules.
  • Inertia and elasticity cause molecules to move and create alternating regions of compression and rarefaction.

Phase

  • A wave cycle can be represented as a 360-degree rotation.
  • Phase describes the position of a wave within its cycle.
  • Waves can be in phase (crests and troughs align) or out of phase (crests and troughs misaligned).
  • 90-degree or 180-degree out-of-phase relationships affect wave interactions.

Periodic vs. Aperiodic Waves

  • Periodic waves repeat identical patterns.
  • Aperiodic waves lack repeating patterns.
  • Perceptual qualities: periodic waves sound smooth (vowels), aperiodic waves sound noisy (fricatives).

Simple and Complex Waveforms

  • Simple waveforms consist of a single frequency (like a tuning fork).
  • Complex waveforms consist of multiple frequencies.
  • Speech sounds are complex waveforms.

Complex Periodic Waveform

  • Complex periodic waves have component frequencies that are whole-number multiples of a fundamental frequency.
  • The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency in the wave.
  • Higher multiples of the fundamental frequency are called harmonics.

Phonation

  • Muscle, elastic, and aerodynamic forces interact during vocal fold opening and closing.
  • Vocal fold vibration creates sound.

Pitch

  • Pitch is perception of frequency.
  • Pitch is measured by scales such as Mel and Bark scales.

Voice Quality Measures

  • MPT: measures how long a person can sustain a sound.
  • S/Z ratio: ratio between /s/ and /z/ sounds in speech. Values greater than 1 suggest potential laryngeal issues.
  • HNR (harmonic-to-noise ratio): compares harmonic (periodic) components with noise components. Higher ratios are normal.
  • CPP (Cepstral peak prominence): useful for severe dysphonia. -Jitter and shimmer: measures cycle-to-cycle variations in frequency or amplitude that may indicate vocal fold problems.
  • Subglottal pressure: pressure below the vocal folds.
  • Supraglottal pressure: pressure above the vocal folds.
  • Breathiness: results from incomplete vocal fold closure.
  • Hoarseness/roughness: arises from irregular vocal fold vibration.

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Midterm Study Guide PDF

Description

This quiz reviews essential concepts in voice measurement and analysis, covering differences between task and measurement, sound wave properties, and both instrumental and perceptual data collection methods. Prepare for your midterm by grasping fundamental frequency, harmonics, and the significance of formant frequencies in voice therapy.

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