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Questions and Answers

What are the five characteristics of effective selection techniques?

  • Reliable, Valid, Cost-Efficient, Fair, Legally Defensible (correct)
  • Efficient, Precise, Cost-Effective, Fair, Legally Defensible
  • Valid, Reliable, Objective, Fair, Easy-to-Administer
  • Accurate, Valid, Relevant, Effective, Budget-Friendly
  • Test-Retest reliability is the extent to which:

  • Different forms of the same test yield similar results.
  • Scores on a test are consistent with job performance.
  • Repeated administrations of the same test achieve similar results. (correct)
  • Scores on a test are consistent with scores on a similar, related test.
  • What does 'temporal stability' refer to in the context of Test-Retest reliability?

    Temporal stability refers to the consistency of test scores over time. This means that the test scores should be stable even when administered on different days or weeks, indicating that the test is not significantly influenced by random factors like illness or fatigue.

    What is the purpose of 'counterbalancing' in the context of Alternate Forms reliability?

    <p>To eliminate any effects of taking one form of the test first on scores on the second form. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extent to which the scores on two forms of a test are similar called?

    <p>Form Stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal consistency measures how consistently an applicant responds to similar items.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four methods used to assess internal consistency?

    <p>Split-Half Method, Spearman-Brown prophecy formula, Coefficient Alpha, Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extent to which two people scoring a test agree on the test score called?

    <p>Scorer Reliability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the degree to which inferences from test scores are justified by the evidence called?

    <p>Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five common strategies to investigate the validity of scores on a test?

    <p>Content Validity, Criterion Validity, Construct Validity, Face Validity, Known-Group Validity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'content validity' measure?

    <p>How well the test items sample the intended content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'criterion validity' measure?

    <p>How well the test scores predict job performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A test's reliability implies validity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'face validity' measure?

    <p>How well the test appears to the user. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy assumes that tests predicting specific job components can apply to similar jobs with shared components?

    <p>Synthetic Validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'validity generalization' refer to?

    <p>Validity generalization refers to the extent to which a test validated for one job is also valid for other similar jobs. This involves examining the extent to which the test scores can be generalized across different jobs with similar requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three pieces of information needed to use the Taylor-Russell tables?

    <p>Test's criterion validity coefficient, selection ratio, base rate of current performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'selection ratio' refer to?

    <p>The percentage of applicants who are hired. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'base rate' of performance and how can it be obtained?

    <p>The base rate refers to the percentage of current employees who are considered successful on the job. It can be obtained in two ways: 1. splitting the current employees into two equal groups based on their performance, or 2. choosing a specific criterion measure score above which all employees are considered successful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the utility method that compares the percentage of times a selection decision was accurate with the percentage of successful employees?

    <p>Proportion of Correct Decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Brogden-Cronbach-Gleser Utility Formula estimate?

    <p>The extent to which an organization will benefit from the use of a particular selection system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the technical aspects of a test that show group differences in test scores unrelated to the construct being measured?

    <p>Measurement Bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the situation in which a test predicts job success falsely favoring one group over another?

    <p>Predictive Bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the situation where a test is significantly valid for two groups but more valid for one than the other?

    <p>Differential Validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two choices an organization has if differential group validity occurs?

    <p>Use separate regression equations for each group or discard the test. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of selection is used when applicants are ranked by test scores and the top scorers are hired until all open positions are filled?

    <p>Unadjusted Top-Down (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'rule of three' used for?

    <p>The rule of three is often used in the public sector. It involves presenting the names of the top three scorers to the hiring decision-maker, who can then choose the candidate based on their specific needs. The rationale behind this is to ensure that the chosen candidate is qualified but also gives the hiring decision-maker flexibility and the power to choose the best person for the job.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of passing scores in the context of selection?

    <p>Passing scores are a method used to increase flexibility and reduce adverse impact in the selection process. They set a minimum score that an applicant must achieve to be considered for the job. This ensures that a minimum level of competence is met by all applicants considered for the job.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A multiple-cutoff approach is used when one score cannot compensate for another.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of selection focuses on reducing the cost of testing?

    <p>Multiple-Hurdle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the statistic used to account for error in test scores?

    <p>Standard Error of Measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is banding used for in the selection process?

    <p>Banding is used to acknowledge the error associated with test scores, which means that a small difference in scores may not necessarily reflect a true difference in ability. Banding allows the organization to consider a group of applicants within a certain score range as equally qualified, enabling them to choose candidates based on other factors like experience or diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Reliability

    Consistency and freedom from error in a test or evaluation score.

    Test-Retest Reliability

    Consistency of test scores when the same test is given twice.

    Temporal Stability

    Consistency of test scores over time.

    Alternate-Forms Reliability

    Consistency between two versions of the same test.

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    Form Stability

    Similarity between scores on two versions of the same test.

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    Counterbalancing

    Method to control order effects when giving multiple versions of a test.

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    Internal Reliability

    Consistency of scores within a single test (internal consistency).

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    Scorer Reliability

    Consistency of test scoring by different raters.

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    Trait Anxiety

    General level of anxiety a person normally experiences.

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    State Anxiety

    Anxiety experienced in a specific moment.

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    Test-Retest Interval

    Time between test administrations.

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    Reliability Coefficient

    Statistical measure of reliability, often between 0 and 1.

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    Study Notes

    Evaluating Selection Techniques and Decisions

    • Effective selection techniques are reliable, valid, cost-efficient, fair, and legally defensible.

    Characteristics of Effective Selection Techniques

    • Effective selection techniques possess five key characteristics: reliability, validity, cost-efficiency, fairness, and legal defensibility.

    Reliability

    • Reliability measures the consistency of a test or evaluation. It considers how consistent a score from a test is, eliminating errors.
    • Test reliability is determined in four ways:
      • Test-retest reliability
      • Alternate-forms reliability
      • Internal reliability
      • Scorer reliability

    Test-Retest Reliability

    • This method evaluates the consistency of test results over time.
    • Scores from an initial test administration are compared to scores from a subsequent administration of the same test.
    • A high correlation signifies good temporal stability. An example of a test that would use this would be a 'trait anxiety' test.
    • A lower correlation coefficient indicates unstable scores over time.
    • There is no fixed time interval between test administrations. The interval must balance the need to prevent test-taking practice effects and avoid time-related changes in the person being tested.
    • The typical test-retest reliability coefficient for organizational tests is .86.

    Alternate-Forms Reliability

    • This method measures the consistency of test scores across different versions of the same test.
    • Two parallel forms of the same test are constructed
    • Scores from both forms are correlated to establish form stability.
    • Counterbalancing is often used to control for order effects

    Internal Reliability

    • This measures how consistently an applicant answers similar test items.
    • This approach focuses on items measuring the same concepts and reduces careless mistakes, as well as other issues.
    • Factors affecting internal consistency include item homogeneity and test length. Longer tests often yield higher consistency scores because they include more items.
    • The median internal reliability coefficient is .81, and coefficient alpha is the most frequently reported measure of this form of reliability in many studies.

    Scorer Reliability

    • This method checks how consistent different test scores are when evaluated by different scorers.
    • Scorer reliability is important for tests with subjective elements, like projective tests, as well as even objective tests.
    • Factors influencing this form of reliability include interrater reliability and consistency of test scoring.

    Evaluating Test Validity

    • Validity is the degree to which inferences from test scores are justified by the evidence.
    • Reliability does not automatically equal validity.
    • Key factors include reliability coefficients and test populations.
    • Valid test populations have similar demographics as those being tested.
    • Example, NEO personality scales have a lower reliability for males.

    Evaluating Test Validity: 5 Strategies

    • Content Validity: How well a test sample covers the intended content. (e.g. a final exam should cover all chapters).
    • Criterion Validity: To what degree test scores relate to job performance.
      • Example types: Concurrent validity (scores of current employees), Predictive validity (scores of job applicants to future job performance).
    • Construct Validity: Whether the test measures intended constructs.
      • Convergent validity: Measures similar, related constructs.
      • Discriminant validity: Shows low correlations with dissimilar constructs.
      • Known-group validity: Scores of known groups of different traits are compared.
    • Validity Generalization: The extent to which a test is valid across different jobs.
    • Synthetic Validity: Tests predicting specific job performance elements can be applied to similar jobs having shared components.

    Challenges and Considerations

    • Test validity is specific to an occupation. Correlation coefficients might not appear convincing in real-world applications.
    • Conducting criterion validity studies can present challenges if results are not favorable.

    Finding Reliability and Validity Information

    • Resources like the Mental Measurement Yearbook and Tests in Print provide validity data.
    • Cost-effectiveness is essential in using tests. Sometimes a cheaper test might be preferable.

    Advancements in Testing

    • Computer-assisted testing is gaining use to increase efficiency and cost-savings.

    Establishing the Usefulness

    • "Even when a test is reliable and valid, it is not necessarily useful."

    Formulas to Determine How Useful A Test Is

    • Taylor-Russell Tables: used to estimate success in the future after the hiring company uses them.
    • Selection Ratio: the percentage of people a company will hire
    • Base Rate: the percentage of employees currently on the job who succeed.
    • Lawshe Table: determines the probability of an applicant future success based on the test results, validity coefficient, and base rate.
    • Proportion of Correct Decisions (PCD) Formula: compares the percentage of accurate selection decisions with the percentage of successful employees to ascertain the accuracy of the test.

    Brogden-Cronbach-Gleser Utility Formula

    • Determines the degree to which an organization benefits from a selection system.
    • Includes the number of employees hired, employee tenure, test validity, performance SD, and the average standardized predictor score.

    Determining the Fairness of a Test

    • Measurement bias
    • Predictive bias

    Making the Hiring Decision

    • Unadjusted Top-Down Selection: used to rank applicants from the highest to the lowest scores. If there are multiple tests, score from one test can compensate a poor score from another.
    • Rule of Three: the top three applicants, based on their test scores, are presented to the hiring manager.
    • Passing Scores: helps in reducing adverse impact and increasing selection flexibility, this method suggests determining the lowest score in a test that predicts good performance on the job.
    • Banding: considers the error associated with test scores. If there is only a few point difference between tested candidates, the difference may be attributed to chance rather than to true differences in ability.

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