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Questions and Answers
Which gene sequence is specifically utilized for animal barcoding and plays a critical role in the electron transport chain?
Which gene sequence is specifically utilized for animal barcoding and plays a critical role in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary function of the cytochrome-b gene in taxonomy?
What is the primary function of the cytochrome-b gene in taxonomy?
Which gene is located in the chloroplast genome and is universal to all plants?
Which gene is located in the chloroplast genome and is universal to all plants?
What is meant by the term 'character state' in a taxonomic context?
What is meant by the term 'character state' in a taxonomic context?
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What does phylogenetic bracketing allow scientists to predict?
What does phylogenetic bracketing allow scientists to predict?
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What is a character in the context of taxonomic units?
What is a character in the context of taxonomic units?
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Which statement best describes homologous features?
Which statement best describes homologous features?
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How can one distinguish homologies from analogies in morphological data?
How can one distinguish homologies from analogies in morphological data?
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What does the term 'autapomorphy' refer to?
What does the term 'autapomorphy' refer to?
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What is the character state of the character 'shell' typically analyzed in a cladogram?
What is the character state of the character 'shell' typically analyzed in a cladogram?
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Which molecular source is commonly used for phylogenetic studies apart from rRNA?
Which molecular source is commonly used for phylogenetic studies apart from rRNA?
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What is the synapomorphy of two organisms in a cladogram?
What is the synapomorphy of two organisms in a cladogram?
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In the context of cladograms, what does the term 'basal taxon' refer to?
In the context of cladograms, what does the term 'basal taxon' refer to?
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Study Notes
Morphological Data
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Homologies vs. Analogies
- Homologous features share common ancestry
- Analogous features share similar function, but not common ancestry
- Distinguishing: By comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity. The more complex the structure, the more likely it is homologous
- Character and Character State: Character is a defining feature of a taxonomic unit. Character state is the value of the character. For example, the character "hair" has the character states "present" or "absent".
Molecular Data
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Sources of molecular data:
- rRNA: Ribosomal ribonucleic acid, used in molecular phylogeny.
- Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI): Used for animal barcoding, plays a role in electron transport chain in animals.
- Cytochrome-b gene: Also used for animal barcoding, helpful for closely related taxa, lacks resolution for deeper relationships.
- rbcL gene: Located in chloroplast, universal to all plants, used for plant barcoding.
- matK gene: Located within the chloroplast genome, also used for plant barcoding.
Inferring Evolutionary History and Relationships of Organisms
- Phylogenies as hypotheses: Phylogenies represent hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.
- Predictions based on phylogenies: Phylogenies allow us to make and test predictions about the evolution of traits.
- Phylogenetic bracketing: Predicting shared features of two groups of closely related organisms based on their common ancestor.
Data Types
- Characters: Features used to construct a phylogeny.
- Character states: Values of the character, used to compare between taxa.
- Distances: Quantitative measures of dissimilarity, used to compare genetic sequences.
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