Biology Chapter on DNA Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What is produced during DNA replication for a DNA strand with bases C-T-A-G-G-T?

G-A-U-C-C-A

A-G-C-T-T-G

G-A-T-C-C-A (correct)

T-C-G-A-A-C

What is the primary function of mRNA in the cell?

Transfers specific amino acid molecules to the ribosome

Blueprint of life

Carries a message from the nucleus to the ribosomes (correct)

Makes up the cell structures and enzymes

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in mRNA?

Thymine

Adenine (correct)

Cytosine (correct)

Uracil (correct)

How many DNA strands are typically created as a result of one DNA replication process?

2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of DNA replication?

It produces single-stranded DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transcription?

To produce complementary mRNA from a DNA template Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents a base pairing in RNA during transcription?

Adenine pairs with Uracil Signup and view all the answers

Given the DNA sequence A-A-C-C-T, what will the corresponding mRNA sequence be after transcription?

U-U-G-G-A Signup and view all the answers

Rosalind Franklin contributed to the discovery of the structure of DNA through her use of _ __.

X-ray photography Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes DNA?

Blueprint of life Signup and view all the answers

The DNA molecule is built out of monomers called _____________.

Nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Each DNA nucleotide is composed of what three parts?

deoxyribose, phosphoric acid, and a nitrogenous base Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base pairs with Adenine in DNA structure?

Thymine Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for unzipping DNA during replication?

DNA Primase Signup and view all the answers

What term describes agents that cause DNA mutations?

Mutagens Signup and view all the answers

What do biologists utilize DNA to determine?

The evolutionary relationships between species Signup and view all the answers

What type of structural configuration does DNA exhibit?

Double helix Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gene mutation is a change in the singe base pair "A" to "G"

Substitution Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Rosalind Franklin's Contribution

Rosalind Franklin used X-ray photography to study the structure of DNA.

What is DNA?

DNA is the blueprint of life.
DNA is responsible for making cell structures and enzymes.

Monomers of DNA

The DNA molecule is built from monomers called nucleotides.

Components of DNA Nucleotides

Each DNA Nucleotide is composed of:
- deoxyribose
- a phosphate group
- a nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous Bases in DNA

The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are:
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)

DNA Replication

During DNA replication, if one strand of DNA has the bases C-T-A-G-G-T, the complementary strand will have the bases G-A-T-C-C-A.

What is mRNA?

mRNA carries a message from the nucleus to the ribosome.

Nitrogenous Bases in mRNA

The four nitrogenous bases in mRNA are:
- Adenine (A)
- Uracil (U)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)

What is Transcription?

Transcription is the process of making mRNA from the DNA template
The process of making proteins from the mRNA code is called translation

Where does Transcription Take Place?

Transcription takes place in the nucleus.

mRNA after Transcription

If the DNA sequence is A-A-C-C-T, the mRNA sequence after transcription will be U-U-G-G-A.
mRNA is a single-stranded helix.

What are Genetic Mutations?

A Genetic Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence.

Types of Genetic Mutations

Point Mutation - When a single base pair is changed.
- Substitution - A base pair is swapped with another base pair.
- Insertion - An addition of a base pair.
- Deletion - A removal of a base pair.

What Causes Mutations?

Mutagens can cause mutations in DNA
Mutagens are factors that cause DNA mutations.
Mutagens can include:
- radiation
- chemicals

Levels of Classification

There are eight levels of classification:
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species

DNA and Evolution

DNA is used to determine what organisms are most closely related.

The Shape of DNA

DNA is shaped like a double helix.

Types of Chromosomes

There are two types of chromosomes:
- Autosomes - Chromosomes that carry the genes that determine a person's traits
- Sex Chromosomes - Chromosomes that determine a person's sex

The Role of DNA in Genetic Diagrams

Genetic diagrams, like those studied in class, are based on differences in DNA.

The Genetic Code

The genetic code uses mRNA codons to determine which amino acid gets incorporated into a protein.
The four nitrogenous bases in mRNA are:
- Adenine (A)
- Uracil (U)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)

The Importance of DNA

DNA is vital for life
It carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

The Function of DNA Primase

DNA Primase unzips a DNA molecule and separates the base pairs during replication.

Impact of DNA Mutations

DNA mutations can lead to:
- Genetic disorders
- Cancer
- Variations in traits

How is DNA Replicated?

DNA Replication is the process of making a copy of a DNA molecule.
The process goes through the following steps:
- Unwinding: The double helix is unwound, the two strands are separated.
- Base Pairing: Each strand serves as a template for the creation of a new complimentary strand.
- Joining: The new strands join with their complementary strands forming two new DNA molecules.

What is the process called of making proteins from DNA?

The process of making proteins from DNA is called protein synthesis.

What are the two main steps of protein synthesis?

Transcription - The process of copying the genetic code from DNA into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
Translation - The process by which the mRNA molecule is used to construct a protein.

What is tRNA?

tRNA is a type of RNA that transfers the correct amino acid to the ribosome during translation.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts about DNA, including its structure, components, and replication process. Learn about the contributions of Rosalind Franklin and the roles of nucleotides and nitrogenous bases in DNA and mRNA. Test your knowledge and understanding of these essential biological topics.