Vitamins: Functions and Benefits

• Vitamins have been defined as organic compounds required in minute amounts to maintain normal health of organisms.
• Vitamins are carbon-based, organic molecules the body needs in very small quantities
• Vitamins helps with metabolic processes and are found in biologic sources.
• Vitamins helps metabolic reactions that releases energy from food molecules being processed inside cells.
• Vitamins are essential or from precursor molecules, and noncaloric
• Vitamins prevent and treat vitamin deficiency-related diseases
• Vitamins are needed in small amounts for cellular metabolism and help prevent cellular breakdown as antioxidants.
• Vitamin supplementation may cause interactions with other medications
• Vitamin supplementation may cause systemic reactions that affect the entire body

Vitamin Functions in the Body

• Energy metabolism
• Protein synthesis
• Antioxidants
• Converting food to energy
• Immune System
• Hormone Production
• Genetic Material Synthesis
• Alertness and Mental function

Vitamin Classifications

• Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, K
• Water-Soluble Vitamins: B Complex and Non-B Complex (Vitamin C)
• B Complex Vitamins: Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), Pantothenic acid (B5)
• Hematopoietic Vitamins: Folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Vitamin Functions

• Energy metabolism: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid,Biotin
• Tissue synthesis: A, D, C, Pyridoxine
• RBC Synthesis: K, E, Folate, Cyanocobalamin (B12)
• Antioxidants: A, C, E, CoQ10
• Immune System: C, E, A, D, Pyridoxine Folate
• Hormone Production: D
• Genetic Material Synthesis: Folate, Cyanocobalamin (B12)
• Alertness, Mental function: B complex A, C, CoQ10

Vitamin Alpha/Numeric and Common Names

• Vitamin B1: Thiamin
• Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
• Vitamin B3: Niacin, niacinamide
• Vitamin B6: Pyroxidine
• Vitamin B9: Folate, folic acid
• Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
• Vitamin H: Biotin
• Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid
• Vitamin A: Retinols
• Vitamin D: Calciferol
• Vitamin E: Tocopherol
• Vitamin K: Coagulations

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

• RDA is the amount of vitamins needed for good health
• RDA has variances for sex and age

Vitamin Absorption

• Nutrients are absorbed in the Small Intestines
• Villi-expand absorptive surface
• Nutrients move from the villi to the blood to be transported all over the body

Nutrient Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract

• Fat Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, K are absorbed in the Duodenum, Jejunu and Ileum
• Water Soluble Vitamins: C, B6 and B12 are absorbed in the Duodenum, Jejunu and Ileum

Vitamin Toxicity/Imbalance

• After food is ingested it goes to the Stomach then Small Intestine
• It is absorbed into the lymph vessel
• Then it processed in the Liver.
• It is either Stored in liver or Sent to blood vessels or Stored in other cells.

Synthesizing Vitamins

• Tryptophan is used to make Niacin (B3)
• Cholesterol compound in skin + sun make Vitamin D
• Carotene makes Vitamin A
• Normal bacteria in the colon makes Vitamin K, Biotin (H), pantothenic acid (B5)12

Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Vitamin A: Vision, Reproduction, Bone Health, Immune System, Skin
• Vitamin D: Strengthens Bones, Calcium Absorption, Immune System
• Vitamin E: Immune System, Flushes Toxins
• Vitamin K: Blood Clotting, Bone Health

Vitamin A Functions, Deficiencies, and Sources

• Preform RETINOL: Formation maintenance of mucous membranes, skins, bones and Needed for vision in dim light
  • deficiency: increased susceptibility to infection and high severity of infection
  • overdose: Hypervitaminosis. Nausea, irritability, blurred vision and weakness. Increase pressure in skull with headache. Liver damage, hair loss, skin and birth defect
  • Food Sources: Animal products only such as Liver, butter, margarine, mlik, cheese, eggs. Ready to eat cereals
• Proform BETA CAROTENE: Antioxidant
  • deficiency: Only Related to lack of Vitamin A
  • overdose: Lung Damage, Skin may turn yellow- orange, Possibly related to reversible loss of fertility in women
  • Food sources: Deep orange yellow and green vegetables and fruits

Vitamin A Deficiency Signs

• The signs of Vitamin A deficiency involves Ocular and Extra Ocular functions
• Ocular functions include: Night blindness, Conjunctival xerosis, Bitot's Spot, Corneal xerosis, and Keratomalacia
• Extra Ocular functions: Retarded growth, and Skin disorders and affect of the reproductive organs and bones

Vitamin A Oral Manifestations of Deficiency Signs

• Teeth Issues: Defective enamel formation
• Hypoplasia of teeth: enamel forming cells are disturbed
• Dentin Issues: Lacks the normal tubular structure.
• Caries: There is increased risk for caries
• Eruption: Delayed in prolonged deficiency.
• Alveolar bone: Retarded in its rate of formation.
• Gingiva: Gingival epithelium becomes hyperplastic, in prolonged deficiency
• Periodontal disease Issues: Tissue is easily invaded by bacteria
• Salivary gland Issues: Undergo typical keratinizing metaplasia

Vitamin a Daily Recommended Dietary Allowance

• Men and women: 700-900 mcg per day
• Pregnancy and lactation: 950 mcg per day
• Infants: 350 mcg per day
• Children: 600 mcg per day
• the occurrence of Hypervitaminosis happens when daily dose is more than 30,000 mcg
• Deficiency occurs 7,500 to 15,000 mcg per day for one month
• for Toxicity the is need to have Restriction of diet.
• The liver has enormous capacity to store in the form of Retinol palmitate.
• Under normal conditions a well-fed person has sufficient Vitamin A reserves to meet his need for 6 to 9 months or more.
• Free retinol is highly active but toxic and therefore transported in blood stream with retinol binding protein

Vitamin D Functions, Deficiencies, and Sources

• Absorption of calcium phosphorus that forms bones and nerve+muscles
  • deficiency: leads to weak, deformed bones in children (rickets) and loss of calcium in adult (osteomalacia)
  • overdose: leads to metal retardation of children, abnormal bone growth and formations, nausea,diarrhea, irritation weight loss, deposition of calcium in organs such as kidneys.
• Aids in cell growth, nerve and muscle function
  • deficiency: Signs of Rickets include: delayed soft spot, bony necklace, curved and bowed legs
  • Food Sources: Vitamin D fortified milk and margarine, Butter, Fish, eggs, mushrooms, and Milk products: cheese, yogurt & ice cream fortified with Vitamin D

Conversions of Vitamin D

• Food that contains Vitamins D2 and D3 need to go through the Liver
• Vitamin d then gets converted in the Kidney
• Sunlight and Skin produce 7-Dehydrocholesterol that becomes Vitamin D3
• It then is biologically active, converting it into 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Vitamin D Daily Recommended Dietary Allowance

• The daily Vitamin D requirement is 15 mcg
• Countries with sunlight: RDA is 200 IU/day
• Vitamin D deficiency is 2000-4000 IU/day for 6-12 weeks

Vitamin D Oral Manifestations of Deficiency Signs

• Developmental abnormalities of dentine and enamel
• Higher risk of caries
• Possible hypoplasia of enamel that is mottles, yellow gray in color
• High pulp horns, large pulp chamber, delayed closure of root apices

Vitamin E Functions, Deficiencies and Sources

• Antioxidant
  • Weakness. Changes in central nervous system
  • overdose causes Nausea and diarrhea, Increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke and bleeding
  • Food sources include Oils and fats, Salad dressings, mayonnais.e, margarine. Whole grain, wheat germ. Leafy, green vegetables and tomatoes
• Reduces the ability of LDL - cholesterol to form plaques in arteries
  • Muscle Loss, Nerve Damage
  • deficiency Megaloblastic anemia aka Anti sterility vitamin:

Vitamin E Oral Manifestations of Deficiency Signs

• Loss of pigmentation and atrophic degenerative changes in enamel

Vitamin E Daily Recommended Dietary Allowance

• Men need between 10 and 15mg daily
• women need 8mg each day
• Pregnant and lactating, supplementation advised

Vitamin K Facts, Functions, Deficiencies and Sources

• Essential in blood clotting process :
  • deficiency : Decrease synthesis of coagulation factor II, V, VII, IX, X, cause increase clotting time, and prolong bleeding -k1 from the plant -K2 that have synthesized from the intestinal bacteria - overdose- rare but common
• *Effects: hemolytic anemia,jaundice - Food sources : Food sources , Milk , meat , fish , Spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, Soya bean, wheat germ and carrots

Biochemical Functions of Vitamin K

• It is essential for the hepatic synthesis of coagulation factor II, V, VII, IX, X.
• Vitamin K helps with Clotting which prevents hemorrhage with defective production of prothrombin. Vitamin K works through Oxidative phosphorylation as a co-factor in oxidative phosphorylation

Vitamin K Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances

• Men & Women needs 90 – 120 mcg per day
• Children need 35 - 75 mcg per day

Water Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin C

Vitamin C Functions and Oral Manifestations

• C (Ascorbic acid) and is known as an Antioxidant
• Vitamin C assists in formation of collagen fiber and helping with Iron/ calcium absorption, protein
• People with Vitamin C deficiency can lead Scurvy
• • It can also lead Petechiae when having Secondary iron deficiency
• Is rare but leads to a daily intake amounts of >2g/day which lead to stomach upset, diarrhea or kidney stones.

Oral Manifestation

• Deficiency in Vitamin C causes Scorbutic gingivitis -Ulcerative gingivitis -Rapid periodontal pocket development

Vitamin C Daily Recommended Dietary Allowance

• Men & Women require 75-90 mg per day and pregnant women require an increased 20 - 40 mg

Vitamin B1 Functions and Oral Manifestations:

• B1 which is Involved in the metabolism of glucose.amino acids and fats to convert to calories
• Play a role in the growth of cells for its function
• Deficiencies in this vitamin leads to Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome and Beri Beri
• *loss of in the arms and legs When overdosing , the excess us simply unabsorbed from the intestine

Vitamin and Oral Manifestations

• B1 Oral tissue loss and can be found in Pork

Vitamin B2 Functions and Oral Manifestations:

• B2 produces ATP/relases energy from carbs , proteins, and lipids (plays in metabolism of drugs.

Deficiencies:

• Skin loss (ariboflavinosis=deterioration and river) (rare)
• Source of supply: milk products and meat.

Vitamin B and Oral Manifestations:

• Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)

Vitamin B3 Functions and Oral Manifestations:

B3: participates in conversation of glucose assists w/ blood function

• *deficiencies: pellagras dermatitis
• Symptoms death if untreated

Vitamin B 3 Oral Manifestations

• Oral Mucosa become firey red.
• Pain and becomes swollen
• Becomes desquamated.
• Tongue become swollen and feels beefy Vitamin B5= Serves as coenzyme/ helps the activate enzymes

Vitamin B Effects on Body

• causes
• Muscle to feel crampy (Help activate needed enzymes for B D synthesis.

In food

The following helps occurs naturally in many food sources especially vegetable oil

Oral manifestations of Vitamin B (6)

Role as a coenzyme Helps to assist the breakdown of fats for energy. Vitamin B(9) Responsible in Amino acids Helps in metabolism

Signs to B vitamin B9 Deficiency

Ulcerated and Tongue Epidermal discoloration Difficulty concentrations and heart conditions RDA: 30 Mcg

Vitamin 7

• Participates in cellular grownth

In the body

Assists to reales carbohydrates Steady blood sugar levels.

Lack of vitamins (defficiency)

Can be rare or genetic (skin or rashes

B (12)

• Produces hemoglobin foud in RBC.

Defficiencey

Perniecious anima & Tingling of the Limbs. Oral Tissue of and around RBC is in low levels.

• The following is a list of information from the patient need to ask. Determine vita sufficiency. chronic dieter determine patient Poly pharmany and xerostomia.

To conclude

Maintaining high levels of vitamins is very important for normal body functions

• Poor high level means poor oral health leading to heart issues , obesity, and stroke. Having small vitamins can help to maintain better high in the body