Vitamins Classification: Fat Soluble Vitamins

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of vitamin E deficiency on erythrocytes?

Sensitivity to undergo membrane rupture (correct)

Decreased production of ATP

Increased membrane stability

Increased production of γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues

What is the role of γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the body?

They are involved in ATP production

They are involved in the synthesis of vitamin K

They are involved in heme synthesis

They are good chelators that allow proteins to bind Ca2+ (correct)

What is the main reason for vitamin K deficiency in newborns?

Insufficient intake of vitamin K from the diet

Sterile intestines (correct)

Increased excretion of vitamin K

Lack of bacterial population in the gut

What is the characteristic of water-soluble vitamins?

They are excreted once their concentration is high Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of vitamin K deficiency in adults?

Hypoprothrombinemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vitamin K supplementation in newborns?

To prevent hemorrhagic disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of vitamin E deficiency on the immune system?

It leads to immunodeficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of folic acid deficiency on erythrocyte development?

Arrests at the precursor stage due to lack of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides for DNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on the myelin sheath of neurons?

It becomes chemically unstable and damaged Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin C in the absorption of iron?

It reduces iron to the ferrous state Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of impaired hydroxylation of proline and lysine due to vitamin C deficiency?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin C in the prevention of cold?

It decreases the production of histamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of folic acid deficiency during pregnancy or lactation?

Increased demand for folic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of vitamin B12 deficiency on the nervous system?

Neuropathy and peripheral nerve damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pyridoxine (B6) in the body?

Part of a coenzyme used in transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a mild pyridoxine (B6) deficiency?

Irritability, nervousness, and depression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant source of biotin (B7)?

Widespread in foods and produced by GI bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the chief function of pantothenic acid (B5) in the body?

Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of tetrahydropholate?

Transfer of a single carbon atom Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a severe pyridoxine (B6) deficiency?

Peripheral neuropathy and convulsions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a deficiency symptom of biotin (B7)?

Depression, lethargy, hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pyridoxine (B6) deficiency on neurotransmitter synthesis?

Decreased synthesis of serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and GABA Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of pantothenic acid (B5) deficiency?

Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, insomnia, fatigue, depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of vitamin A in the body?

Synthesis of glycoproteins and mucus secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important carotenoid that can be converted into vitamin A?

β-carotene Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of vitamin D?

Sunlight exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary antioxidant function of vitamin E?

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of vitamin A deficiency?

Hyperkeratosis and drying of epithelial tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin A in the synthesis of transferrin?

Required for the synthesis of iron transport protein transferrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency?

Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification of Vitamins

Vitamins are classified into two categories: Fat Soluble Vitamins and Water Soluble Vitamins

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A is derived from plant carotenoids and has three active forms: Retinol, Retinal, and Retinoic acid
Vitamin A is essential for the synthesis of glycoproteins, regulation of cell growth, and iron transport protein transferrin synthesis
Deficiency of vitamin A leads to drying of epithelial tissues, hyperkeratosis, and anemia
Vitamin D synthesis requires sunlight exposure
Vitamin D deficiency leads to nutritional rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults)
Vitamin E is a naturally occurring antioxidant that refers to a family of 8 related compounds, with Tocopherol being the most active
Vitamin E is essential for stabilizing ATP production, preventing atherosclerosis, and maintaining normal immune function
Deficiency of vitamin E leads to neurological symptoms and increased susceptibility to infection and cancer
Vitamin K is a Quinone derivative that helps in blood clotting and bone metabolism
Deficiency of vitamin K leads to hypoprothrombinemia and hemorrhagic disease in newborns

Water Soluble Vitamins

Water soluble vitamins are excreted once their concentration is high, making toxicities rare
Deficiencies of water soluble vitamins occur relatively quickly on an inadequate diet
Water soluble vitamins are converted to coenzymes used in pathways for energy generation or hematopoiesis

Folic Acid

Folic acid deficiency can occur due to poor diet, chronic alcoholism, inadequate absorption, or increased demand during pregnancy or lactation
Folic acid deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by weakness, tiredness, irritability, and headache
Deficiency symptoms of folic acid include anemia, smooth red tongue, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, and irritability
Toxicity symptoms of folic acid include masking vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms and an increased risk of neural tube defects

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Vitamin B12 is required for two reactions: conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and the methionine synthase reaction
Deficiency symptoms of vitamin B12 include pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neuropathy
Deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to accumulation of methylmalonyl-CoA, which causes neuropathy

Other Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) is a cofactor for mixed function oxidases involved in the hydroxylation of lysine and proline
Deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, swelling joints, and impaired wound healing
Vitamin C is required for normal leukocyte function and histamine level decrease, making it recommended for the prevention of cold
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) is a coenzyme for transamination, deamination, decarboxylation, and condensation reactions
Deficiency of pyridoxine leads to poor activity of PLP-dependent enzymes, causing deficient amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis
Deficiency symptoms of pyridoxine include irritability, nervousness, depression, peripheral neuropathy, and convulsions
Biotin (Vitamin B7) is part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis
Deficiency symptoms of biotin include depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs, and hair loss
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) is part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism
Deficiency symptoms of pantothenic acid include vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, insomnia, fatigue, depression, and irritability

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Description

Explore the classification of vitamins, focusing on fat soluble vitamins, particularly vitamin A, its active forms, and its importance in growth regulation and mucus secretion.